Assessing pesticide risks to threatened and endangered species using population models: Findings and recommendations from a CropLife America Science Forum

Abstract

This brief communication reports on the main findings and recommendations from the 2014 Science Forum organized by CropLife America. The aim of the Forum was to gain a better understanding of the current status of population models and how they could be used in ecological risk assessments for threatened and endangered species potentially exposed to pesticides in the United States. The Forum panelists' recommendations are intended to assist the relevant government agencies with implementation of population modeling in future endangered species risk assessments for pesticides. The Forum included keynote presentations that provided an overview of current practices, highlighted the findings of a recent National Academy of Sciences report and its implications, reviewed the main categories of existing population models and the types of risk expressions that can be produced as model outputs, and provided examples of how population models are currently being used in different legislative contexts. The panel concluded that models developed for listed species assessments should provide quantitative risk estimates, incorporate realistic variability in environmental and demographic factors, integrate complex patterns of exposure and effects, and use baseline conditions that include present factors that have caused the species to be listed (e.g., habitat loss, invasive species) or have resulted in positive management action. Furthermore, the panel advocates for the formation of a multipartite advisory committee to provide best available knowledge and guidance related to model implementation and use, to address such needs as more systematic collection, digitization, and dissemination of data for listed species; consideration of the newest developments in good modeling practice; comprehensive review of existing population models and their applicability for listed species assessments; and development of case studies using a few well-tested models for particular species to demonstrate proof of concept. To advance our common goals, the panel recommends the following as important areas for further research and development: quantitative analysis of the causes of species listings to guide model development; systematic assessment of the relative role of toxicity versus other factors in driving pesticide risk; additional study of how interactions between density dependence and pesticides influence risk; and development of pragmatic approaches to assessing indirect effects of pesticides on listed species.

Assessing the risks of pesticides to threatened and endangered species using population modeling: A critical review and recommendations for future work

“…To gain a better understanding of population modeling and its potential role in assessing ecological risks of pesticides to listed species, CropLife America sponsored a science forum in April 2014 that brought together a diverse group of stakeholders with expertise in population modeling and/or assessing risks of pesticides to listed species. The outcome of the forum was a list of recommendations intended to assist government agencies in implementing population modeling in listed species assessments and to guide future research . One of the recommendations for immediate action was a comprehensive review of existing population models to identify available models that could be used directly, or with minor modifications, in listed species pesticide risk assessments.…”

The pros and cons of ecological risk assessment based on data from different levels of biological organization

“…Additionally, in assessment scenarios where a single species is a focal point for an assessment endpoint, population-level approaches are particularly relevant. One such application is toward assessing chemical risk to threatened and endangered species (Forbes et al 2015, Forbes et al 2010, Forbes et al 2011). …”

How to use mechanistic effect models in environmental risk assessment of pesticides: Case studies and recommendations from the SETAC workshop MODELINK

“…Honeybees and other pollinators were not addressed because another SETAC workshop covered modeling of pollinators (Fischer & Moriarty ), and new EFSA guidance was being produced in parallel to that workshop (EFSA ). Whereas the MODELINK workshop focused on prospective pesticide risk assessments under European regulations, CropLife America recently organized a Science Forum with the aim to gain a better understanding of the current status of population models and how they could be used in ecological risk assessments for threatened and endangered species potentially exposed to pesticides in the United States (Forbes et al ).…”