Assessing optimal pore-to-ion size relations in the design of porous poly(vinylidene chloride) carbons for EDL capacitors

Eliad, Linoam; Pollak, Elad; Levy, Naomi; Salitra, Gregory; Soffer, Abraham; Aurbach, Doron

doi:10.1007/s00339-005-3440-9

Cited by 62 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…These groups together with the adjusted carbon atoms are later removed via heat treatment at 900 1C. Repetition of the process of uniform formation of chemisorbed oxygen functional groups and subsequently removing them, allows for the uniform pore broadening needed to achieve the optimum PSD [107].…”

Section: Elimination Of Small Bottle-neck Poresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nanostructured activated carbons from natural precursors for electrical double layer capacitors

2012

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Section: Elimination Of Small Bottle-neck Poresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to one method an equilibrium content of oxygencontaining functional groups are uniformly formed on the porous carbon surface during room temperature treatment in acids [107]. These groups together with the adjusted carbon atoms are later removed via heat treatment at 900 1C.…”

Section: Elimination Of Small Bottle-neck Poresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanostructured activated carbons from natural precursors for electrical double layer capacitors

2012

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“…In the literature, sizes for dehydrated and hydrated sulfate ions, of ca. 0.5 nm and 0.6-1 nm, respectively, have been reported [30,43,[45][46][47]. The proton size is still uncertain and the size seems to depend on the pH and counter ion [48][49][50].…”

Section: Physical Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The contribution of sulfate ions and protons to the specific capacitance of microporous carbon monoliths

Barranco

García-Gómez

Kunowsky

et al. 2014

Journal of Power Sources

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The monoliths studied in this work show large specific surface areas (up to 1600 m 2 g -1 ), high densities (up to 1.17 g cm -3) and high electrical conductivities (up to 9.5 S cm -1 ). They are microporous carbons with pore sizes up to 1.3 nm but most of them below 0.75 nm. They also show oxygen functionalities. The electrochemical behavior of the monoliths is studied in three-electrode cells with aqueous H 2 SO 4 solution as electrolyte. This work deals with the contribution of the sulfate ions and protons to the specific capacitance of carbon monoliths having different surface areas and different contents of oxygen groups. Protons contribute with a pseudocapacitance (up to 152 F g ); both capacitances increase as the surface area increases. The preference of protons to be electroadsorbed at the double layer and the broader voltage window of these ions account for their higher contribution (70 %) to the double layer capacitance.

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“…41,42 This material is used for the preparation of carbon molecular sieve membranes for gas separation, as well as for electrodes for supercapacitors with high specific capacitance. [42][43][44][45] Herein we demonstrate a very stable cycling performance of S/C cathodes prepared with PVDCDC host, achieved due to the unique porous structure of this material.…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%

Facile Synthesis and Very Stable Cycling of Polyvinylidene Dichloride Derived Carbon: Sulfur Composite Cathode

Rosenman¹,

Markevich²,

Salitra³

et al. 2016

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Activated microporous carbon with narrow pores up to 1 nm, high surface area of about 1000 m 2 /g and pore volume of 0.43 cc/g was synthesized by facile one-step carbonization of polyvinylidene dichloride (PVDC) resin at high temperature without any additional activation process and was used for the preparation of sulfur-carbon (S/C) composite electrodes with sulfur content of 40 wt% in the composite S/C powder and 32 wt% in the composite electrode. The electrodes thus obtained, demonstrate a very stable cycling performance with more than 2000 charge-discharge cycles delivering about 600 mAh/g at a current rate of 1.04 A/g with Coulombic efficiency close to 100% at 30 • C. Stable and highly reversible behavior was also obtained at 45 • C for hundreds of cycles. Quasi-solid state type of behavior with single reduction plateau was observed for these Li-S cells using organic carbonates based electrolyte solutions. The formation of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the surface of the cycled S/C electrodes was demonstrated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). For the composite sulfur electrodes prepared with PVDC-derived carbon the shuttle phenomena are fully avoided due to appropriate encapsulation, surface protection and quasi-solid state operation mechanism.Rechargeable lithium/sulfur batteries have received increasing attention due to the high theoretical capacity of sulfur cathodes -1675 mAh/g, abundance, environmental friendliness, low toxicity and low cost of elemental sulfur. 1-5 Despite of these advantages, commercialization of this type of batteries is hampered by the fact that lithium polysulfides Li 2 S n (3 ≤ n ≤ 8) which are formed during sulfur reduction are soluble in the electrolyte solutions and react with the Li anode. 6 This parasitic process known as the shuttle phenomenon, leads to a fast capacity fading and low Coulombic efficiency of Li-S cells. Many efforts were made to mitigate the shuttle process in these systems such as encapsulation of sulfur into the porous carbon matrices, 7-9 using solutions with LiNO 3 as an additive in which Li anodes develop effective passivation 10-11 and the use of ionic liquid based electrolytes which suppress the solubility of polysulfide species. 12-14 Another approach is the use of a conductive-polymer coating on the exterior of the sulfur cathodes 15 or the addition of a porous carbon-based interlayer between the separator and the cathode to prevent the migration of polysulfide species to Li anode. 16 In order to enhance the stability of sulfur cathodes core-shell structures of the active mass were developed, in which sulfur cores are encapsulated by ceramic, Li-ion conductive shells. 17 Adsorption or chemisorption of polysulfide anions by polar hydrophilic cathode substrates such as metal oxides, 18-21 silica, 22 2D MXene conductive nanosheets 23 were also proposed for preventing the dissolution of lithium polysulfides int...

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Assessing optimal pore-to-ion size relations in the design of porous poly(vinylidene chloride) carbons for EDL capacitors

Cited by 62 publications

References 15 publications

Nanostructured activated carbons from natural precursors for electrical double layer capacitors

Nanostructured activated carbons from natural precursors for electrical double layer capacitors

The contribution of sulfate ions and protons to the specific capacitance of microporous carbon monoliths

Facile Synthesis and Very Stable Cycling of Polyvinylidene Dichloride Derived Carbon: Sulfur Composite Cathode

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