Assessing Long Term Sustainability of Global Supply of Natural Resources and Materials

Ragnarsdóttir, Kristín Vala; Sverdrup, Harald; Koca, Deniz

doi:10.5772/28118

Cited by 23 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…Peak discovery early warning. Earlier work has shown that there is a systematic shift of 40 years between the peak discovery and the production peak (Heinberg, 2001(Heinberg, , 2005(Heinberg, , 2011Bardi, 2008;Ragnarsdottir et al, 2012;Sverdrup et al, 2013a):…”

Section: Quantitative Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An integrated assessment of the security of long-term supply and the adequacy of the Earth's metal resources is therefore of strategic interest. Gordon et al (2006), Rauch and Graedel (2007), Heinberg (2011), Radetzki (2012, Reck and Graedel (2012), Ragnarsdottir et al (2012) and Sverdrup et al (2013a) expressed concern about a potential future scarcity in resource production. The two single most important metals for society are iron and aluminium.…”

Section: Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Natural Resources in a Planetary Perspective

Sverdrup

Ragnarsdóttir

2014

Geochem. Persp.

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Section: Quantitative Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural Resources in a Planetary Perspective

Sverdrup

Ragnarsdóttir

2014

Geochem. Persp.

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“…Some authors have highlighted risks of resource depletion looming (Meadows et al 1972(Meadows et al , 1974(Meadows et al , 2005Heinberg 2001;Johnson et al 2007;Eilu 2011;Gordon et al 2006;Graedel et al 2004;Graedel and Erdmann 2012;Roland 2015;UNEP 2011aUNEP , b, c, 2012UNEP , 2013aRagnarsdottir et al 2012;Kwatra et al 2012;Nassar et al 2012;Bardi 2013;Elshakaki and Graedel 2013;Sverdrup et al 2013;Eliott et al 2014;Mohr et al 2014a;Northey et al 2014), a few also considering cobalt particularly (Alonso et al 2007;UNEP 2011aUNEP , b, c, 2012UNEP , 2013aRagnarsdottir et al 2012;Sverdrup et al 2013;Sverdrup and Ragnaradottir 2014). About 55% of the cobalt extraction is a by-product of nickel extraction, 35% of the extraction is a by-product of copper production and 10% comes from other sources like platinum group metals extraction and chromium refining.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated Modelling of the Global Cobalt Extraction, Supply, Price and Depletion of Extractable Resources Using the WORLD6 Model

Sverdrup

Ragnarsdóttir

Koca

2017

Biophys Econ Resour Qual

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The present business-as-usual cobalt use in society is not sustainable. Too much cobalt is lost if only market mechanisms are expected to improve recycling, and unnecessary cobalt is wasted if no policy actions are taken. Increased recycling and better conservation will be able to improve the supply situation, but this will need active policy participation beyond what market mechanisms can do alone. To conserve cobalt for coming generations, present policies must be changed within the next few decades. The sooner policies change, the better for future generations.

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“…The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (2009) predicts that a 50% increase in food production will be necessary by 2050 to satisfy the expected food demand. Conventional oil and phosphate rock production (on which most modern agriculture is completely dependent) is also peaking (Campbell & Laherrere 1998, Ragnarsdottir et al 2012, Sverdrup et al 2013). In the long run, fertilizers and other fossil fuel products that are used extensively in conventional farming (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparative Analysis of the Energy Return on Investment of Organic and Conventional Icelandic Dairy Farms

Atlason¹,

Kjærheim²,

Davíðsdóttir³

et al. 2015

IAS

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This study compares the energy return on investment (EROI) of organic and conventional farms in Iceland. It examines which farming method returns the highest amount of edible energy to society relative to the input required. Twenty farms were studied: two organic and 18 conventional. Real data were gathered directly from five farms (including both of the organic farms in the study). Further data from 15 conventional dairy farms of different sizes were collected from a database maintained by the Icelandic Farmers Association. One of the organic farms studied (Org1) was found to have an EROI of 2.68, whereas two conventional farms used as controls for comparison (Con1-a and Con1-b) had EROIs of 0.60 and 0.69, respectively. The second organic farm (Org2) had an EROI of 0.55, versus the control farm ratio of 0.27. On average, large (<170 hectares) conventional dairy farms had an EROI of 0.65, while medium (<70 hectares) and small (<40 hectares) conventional farms had average EROIs of 0.56 and 0.50, respectively. This limited analysis suggests that organic dairy farms may provide better EROIs than conventional farms, but that their dairy yields per hectare are lower. Keywords: Energy analysis, EROI, Agriculture YFIRLIT Samanburður á orkuarðsemi (EROI) lífraenna og hefðbundinna íslenskra kúabúa.Þessi rannsókn ber saman orkuarðsemi (EROI) lífraenna og hefðbundinna íslenskra kúabúa. Athugað er hvaða landbúnaðaraðferð skilar mestri orku til samfélagsins á móti þeirri orku sem notuð er. Tuttugu býli voru rannsökuð, þar sem raungögn voru fengin beint frá 5 býlum. Gögn sem lýsa 15 tilviljanakenndum kúabúum af mismunandi staerðum voru einnig fengin úr búreikningum. Niðurstöður sýna að fyrra lífraena býlið (Org1) skilaði EROI 2.68, hefðbundin samanburðarbýli þess skiluðu 0.60 (Con1-a) og 0.69 (Con1-b). Hitt lífraena býlið (Org2) skilaði EROI 0.55. Samanburðarbýli þess (Con2) skilaði EROI 0.27. EROI meðaltal stórra hefðbundinna býla valin af handahófi var 0.65, meðaltal miðlungs stórra býla var 0.56 og meðaltal lítilla býla var 0.50. Þessi rannsókn gefur til kynna að lífraen kúabú gefi betri orkuarðsemi en hefðbundin býli en að uppskera á hvern hektara sé minni.

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Assessing Long Term Sustainability of Global Supply of Natural Resources and Materials

Cited by 23 publications

References 67 publications

Natural Resources in a Planetary Perspective

Natural Resources in a Planetary Perspective

Integrated Modelling of the Global Cobalt Extraction, Supply, Price and Depletion of Extractable Resources Using the WORLD6 Model

A Comparative Analysis of the Energy Return on Investment of Organic and Conventional Icelandic Dairy Farms

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