Assessing Interactive Videodisc in Extension

Developmental Readiness for Leadership: The Differential Effects of Leadership Courses on Creating “Ready, Willing, and Able” Leaders

“…One explanation could be that students who think of themselves as leaders, more so than their peers, discover through their learning that exercising leadership is more complex and difficult than they may have naively believed at the beginning of the course. This type of learning outcome is similar to those that have been found in leadership development evaluations in other contexts, notably in educational outreach programs at the community level (Keating, 2011;Rockwell & Kohn, 1989).…”

A Retrospective Study of Academic Leadership Skill Development, Retention and Use: The Experience of the Food Systems Leadership Institute

“…Thus, learners over-estimate their skill level, making the prelearning self-rating an unreliable or inaccurate evaluation. By design, the retrospective pre and post-test method asks participants to reflect on their growth and rate their level of skill, knowledge, competence, etc…both before they start and after they complete a training experience, when they have a better understanding of the skills targeted for development (Lam & Bengo, 2003;Rockwell & Kohn, 2013;Rohs, 1999;Sprangers & Hoogstraten, 1989). Educational research suggests that the retrospective pretest method often provides more accurate measures of change than the traditional pretest-posttest design (Lam & Bengo, 2003;Mezoff, 1981;Rohs, 1999), making the design useful when attempting to determine how participants feel about skill acquisition or program effectiveness (Hill & Betz, 2005).…”

“…Commonly found in educational venues, a retrospective pre-and post-test is a selfassessment tool in which a participant completes a pretest following an intervention or training program, along with a post-test (Pratt, McGuigan, & Katzev, 2000;Rockwell & Kohn, 2013;Sprangers & Hoogstraten, 1989). This approach is particularly helpful given the problem of response-shift bias (Rohs, 1999), in which learners are unable to accurately assess their development of certain skills prior to a learning or training experience which targets development of those skills.…”

That Program Really Helped Me: Using Focus Group Research to Measure the Outcomes of Two Statewide Leadership Programs

“…Martineau and Hannum (2004) suggest that some researchers doubt the merits of the retrospective assessment because it could create an increase in the ratings from the "before" to the "now." These researchers argue for the validity of retrospective surveys by pointing out that ratings of change are highly correlated with objective measures of change such as performance appraisals (Martineau & Hannum, 2004;Rockwell & Kohn, 1989).…”