Assessing human exposure to pesticides and mycotoxins: optimization and validation of a method for multianalyte determination in urine samples

Abstract

Humans are exposed to an increasing number of contaminants, with diet being one of the most important exposure routes. In this framework, human biomonitoring is considered the gold standard for evaluating human exposure to chemicals. Pesticides and mycotoxins are chemicals of special concern due to their health implications. They constitute the predominant border rejection notifications for food and feed in Europe and the USA. However, current biomonitoring studies are focused on a limited number of compounds and do not evaluate mycotoxins and pesticides together. In this study, an analytical method has been developed for the determination of 30 pesticides and 23 mycotoxins of concern in urine samples. A salting-out liquid–liquid extraction (SALLE) procedure was optimized achieving recoveries between 70 and 120% for almost all the compounds and limits as lower as when QuEChERS was applied. The compounds were then determined by liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Different chromatographic conditions and analytical columns were tested, selecting a Hypersild gold aQ column as the best option. Finally, the method was applied to the analysis of 45 urine samples, in which organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticides (detection rates (DR) of 82% and 42%, respectively) and ochratoxin A and deoxynivalenol (DR of 51% and 33%, respectively) were the most detected compounds. The proposed analytical method involves the simultaneous determination of a diverse set of pesticides and mycotoxins, including their most relevant metabolites, in human urine. It serves as an essential tool for biomonitoring the presence of highly prevalent contaminants in modern society. Graphical Abstract

Human Biomonitoring Guidance Values for Deoxynivalenol Derived under the European Human Biomonitoring Initiative (HBM4EU)

“…In humans, the majority of ingested DON is excreted as glucuronides [ 13 , 14 , 22 ], withDON-15-GlcA as the major urinary biomarker of DON exposure [ 12 , 16 , 23 , 24 , 25 ]. This is consistent with observations from various epidemiological studies [ 9 , 26 ].…”

Assessment of Mycotoxin Exposure and Associated Risk in Pregnant Dutch Women: The Human Biomonitoring Approach

“…Several biomarkers for the most relevant mycotoxins have been validated and implemented to estimate exposure in European populations [ 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 ]. HBM has already been used to estimate mycotoxin exposure in pregnant women, especially aflatoxins; however, such studies are scarce in Europe.…”