Assessing Human Disturbance of Breeding Bald Eagles with Classification Tree Models

Grubb, Teryl G.; King, Rudy M.

doi:10.2307/3808982

Cited by 94 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…It is difficult to prove the effect of it on the breeding success of any particular bird species also because of the different tolerance rate of geographic populations to a specific disturbance factor. Some authors suggest the presentation of the overall disturbance factor at nest consisting of the set of various disturbances occurring in the area (Grubb & King 1991). Several authors presented the undesirable impact of human disturbance on nest abandonment by the birds of prey (Boeker & Ray 1971), decreased reproduction (Wiley 1975), relocation (Andersen et al 1986), and on changes in wintering habitat (Stalmaster & Newman 1978).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population size, distribution and habitat selection of the white-tailed eagle Haliaeetus albicilla in the alluvial wetlands of Croatia

Radović

Mikuška²

2009

Biologia

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From 2003From -2006, research on the breeding distribution of the white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) was conducted in Croatia in order to assess the size of the national population. In 125 locations, clear signs of breeding activity were found. An additional 10 presumably active territories were detected but it was not possible to locate the exact position of the nests and confirm the breeding. Based on this, it is concluded that the national breeding population is not less than 135 breeding pairs. The present distribution can be compared with previous reports with the exception of the area along the Ilova and Lonja rivers that have never been reported as an important breeding site. Analysis of the characteristics of 138 nest positions as well as preferences/avoidance of specific structural features were performed. The results showed that white-tailed eagles prefer to build their nests on pedunculate oaks, narrow-leafed ash and white poplars with the greatest preference for mature trees with a diameter above 92.5 cm. The minimal distance between two active pairs was 348 meters. More than 50% of the national population breed less than two km from a large water area and 95% of the population less than four km. More than 95% of the population breed at altitudes lower than 140 m above sea level and are further than one km away from the nearest human settlement, regardless of the availability of forests. According to several parameters (distance to a large water area, elevation, forest presence, distance to the nearest settlement, distance to highways and railways) geographic information system (GIS) helped to determine potential white-tailed eagle breeding areas.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population size, distribution and habitat selection of the white-tailed eagle Haliaeetus albicilla in the alluvial wetlands of Croatia

Radović

Mikuška²

2009

Biologia

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“…Numerous descriptive and experimental studies have examined the influence of various human activities on nesting bald eagles (e.g., Grubb and King 1991, Grubb et al 1992, Parson 1994, Watson et al 1999, Steidl and Anthony 2000. Similarly, many studies have shown that human disturbances can cause nest site abandonment or reduced reproductive output by ospreys (e.g., Swenson 1979, Poole 1981, Levenson and Koplin 1984, Ewins 1997, Saurola 1997) and great blue herons (e.g., Forbes et al 1985, Parnell et al 1988, Carlson and McLean 1996, Vennesland 2000, Skagen et al 2001.…”

Section: Mitigating the Effects Of Disturbance Caused By Forest Managmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the bald eagle, numerous papers estimated flushing distance (e.g., Fraser et al 1985, Grubb and King 1991, Grubb et al 1992. For the osprey, great blue heron, northern goshawk, and common raven (Corvus corax) at least 1 paper described flushing distance (see below).…”

Section: Mitigating the Effects Of Disturbance Caused By Forest Managmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The buffer size derived from this analysis was an estimate of the separation distance required to mitigate the effects of highly visible pedestrian activity that deliberately approached a nest. Numerous studies suggested that pedestrian activities disturbed large birds as much or more than vehicular activities (cars, trucks, ATVs, watercraft) (e.g., Holmes et al 1993, Rodgers and Smith 1995, Grubb and King 1991, Carlson and McLean 1996. Thus, it was assumed this buffer size would be adequate for most pedestrian and mechanized forest management operations, where activities were expected to be frequent, of long duration, or highly visible or audible.…”

Section: Mitigating the Effects Of Disturbance Caused By Forest Managmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Forest management and stick-nesting birds: New direction for mitigation in Ontario

Naylor¹

2009

The Forestry Chronicle

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Forest management operations (harvest, renewal, tending, road construction and use) may affect the occupancy or productivity of nest sites used by stick-nesting birds (eagles, ospreys, herons, hawks, owls, corvids) either by directly disrupting breeding activities, altering habitat suitability, or creating new access that may lead to subsequent disturbance of nest sites by other forest users. On public land in Ontario, potential effects are mitigated through an area-of-concern planning approach that involves placement of buffers around nests that restrict the timing of forest management operations, habitat alteration, and the construction of new roads. Early direction developed in the 1980s was based largely on expert opinion. The Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (OMNR) has reviewed and revised this direction to incorporate new understanding of habitat requirements and the effects of forest management operations. Case studies are provided to show how published literature, directed studies, and the precautionary principle were used to revise direction for ospreys and great blue herons. For many species, this review led to a reduction in the size of buffers deemed necessary to mitigate the effects of forest management operations. Despite the increased use of scientific evidence, there is still uncertainty about the effects of forest management operations on stick-nesting birds and the effectiveness of proposed direction. OMNR is developing a monitoring plan to evaluate the effectiveness of revised direction as part of its cycle of adaptive policy development.Key words: buffers, stick-nesting birds, eagles, ospreys, herons, hawks, owls, disturbance, habitat alteration, access RÉSUMÉLes opérations d'aménagement forestier (coupe, régénération, entretien, construction et utilisation de chemin forestier) peuvent entraîner des effets sur l' occupation ou la productivité des sites de nidification utilisés par les oiseaux qui nichent en hauteur (aigles, balbuzards, hérons, faucons, hiboux, corvidés) soit en interrompant directement leurs activités d'accouplement, soit en modifiant la qualité de l'habitat ou encore en créant un nouvel accès qui pourrait entraîner une perturbation subséquente de leur site de nidification par d'autres utilisateurs du milieu forestier. Sur les terres publiques de l'Ontario, les effets potentiels sont atténués par une approche de planification des zones sensibles qui comporte la mise en place de zones tampons autour des nids et qui régit le calendrier des opérations d'aménagement forestier, la modification de l'habitat et la construction de nouveaux chemins. Les premières directives élaborées au début des années 1980 découlaient en grande partie de l'avis des experts. Le Ministère des Richesses naturelles de l'Ontario (MRNO) a révisé et reformulé ces directives pour y incorporer les nouvelles connaissances acquises sur les qualités de l'habitat et les effets des opérations d'aménagement forestier. Nous présentons des études de cas afin d'illustrer comment les textes publiés, les é...

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“…However, the long-term significance of noise-related impacts is less clear. Several studies on nesting raptors have indicated that birds become habituated to aircraft overflights and that long-term reproductive success is not affected (Grubb and King 1991;Ellis et al 1991). Threshold noise levels for significant responses range from 62 dB for Pacific black brant to 85 dB for crested tern (Ward and Stehn 1990;Brown 1990).…”

Section: B3822 Birdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environment Assessment for Grand Bay Range, Bemiss Field, and Moody Explosive Ordnance Disposal Range Operations

Co¹

2013

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Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. Environmental Assessment (EA) to assess current, emerging, and future training operations necessary to achieve and maintain readiness, and to upgrade/modernize existing range capabilities to enhance and sustain U.S. Air Force training capabilities at Grand Bay Range, immediately adjacent to and east of Moody Air Force Base (AFB), in Lowndes and Lanier Counties, Georgia. The EA is incorporated by reference into this Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI). REPORT DATE JUN 20132 PURPOSE AND NEED FOR THE PROPOSED ACTIONThe purpose of the Proposed Action is to: Maintain pace with emerging and future air-to-ground training needs through continued upgrading and modernizing of Grand Bay Range's targets and impact areas as well as Bemiss Field; Sustain the primary mission of providing air-to-ground training opportunities and the long-term viability of Grand Bay Range, while at the same time protecting human health and the environment; Ensure continued ability to support current, emerging, and future EOD ground-based training operations at the Range; Offer air-to-ground training assets that meet advanced military technology, including new platforms and weapons systems; and  Support, to the maximum extent possible, other types of ground-based training for units stationed at the base and other DoD users.The Proposed Action is needed so that Grand Bay Range, Bemiss Field, and EOD range can maintain their overall strategic mission of supporting military combat readiness by providing a realistic, air-toground, live-training environment for aircrews and operational support personnel. DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED ACTION AND ALTERNATIVESThe Proposed Action would provide increased ordnance use for air-to-ground training for the 23rd Fighter Group, 41st Rescue Squadron (RQS), and 71 RQS. It would also extend Grand Bay Range operating hours to support expanded ground-based training as needed. Typically, Grand Bay Range operates 17 hours per day Monday through Thursday, and 8.5 hours on Fridays (which includes a 4-hour maintenance period. Under the Proposed Action, the operating hours would be extended to accommodate 820th Base Defense Group (BDG) operations during the night and on weekends after normal flying hours cease. ...

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Assessing Human Disturbance of Breeding Bald Eagles with Classification Tree Models

Cited by 94 publications

References 9 publications

Population size, distribution and habitat selection of the white-tailed eagle Haliaeetus albicilla in the alluvial wetlands of Croatia

Population size, distribution and habitat selection of the white-tailed eagle Haliaeetus albicilla in the alluvial wetlands of Croatia

Forest management and stick-nesting birds: New direction for mitigation in Ontario

Environment Assessment for Grand Bay Range, Bemiss Field, and Moody Explosive Ordnance Disposal Range Operations

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