Assessing Homicides by and of U.S. Law-Enforcement Officers

Crosby, Alex E.; Lyons, Bridget H.

doi:10.1056/nejmp1609905

Cited by 10 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 5 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…[8] However, the lack of a registry or tracking system to account for the risk of death associated with the profession has limited the ability to draw conclusions about the risks of death for officers across the United States. In fact, while some prominent authors have advocated a comprehensive, public health approach to the problem of “legal intervention deaths” and deaths of law enforcement officers [1], the limitations of our current surveillance and data acquisition systems make a meaningful, direct analysis nearly impossible.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population-based estimate of trauma-related deaths for law enforcement personnel

Eastman

Cripps

AbdelFattah

et al. 2017

Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

OBJECTIVE Trauma-related deaths remain an important public health problem. One group susceptible to death due to traumatic mechanisms is U.S. Law Enforcement (LE). We hypothesized that LE officers experienced a higher chance of violent death compared to the general U.S. population and that risks have increased over time. METHODS The National Institute on Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) National Occupational Mortality Surveillance (NOMS) is a population-based survey of occupational deaths. It includes data for workers who died during 1985–1998 in one of 30 U.S states (EARLY period). Additional deaths were added from 23 U.S. states in 1999, 2003–2004, 2007–2010 (LATE period). Mortality rates are estimated by calculating proportionate mortality ratios (PMR). A PMR above 100 is considered to exceed the average background risk for all occupations. All adults >18 years of age whose primary occupation was listed as “Law Enforcement Worker” were included in the analysis. RESULTS Law enforcement personnel were more likely to die from an injury compared to the general population (Figure 1). The overall PMR for injury in EARLY was 111 (95% Confidence Interval [CI] 108–114, p<0.01), and for LATE was 118 (95% CI 110–127, p<0.01). Four mechanisms of death reached statistical significance: motor vehicle traffic (MVT)-driver, MVT-other, intentional self-harm, and assault/homicide. The highest PMR in EARLY was associated with firearms (PMR 272, 95% CI 207–350, p<0.01). The highest PMR in LATE was associated with death due to being a driver in an MVT (PMR 194, 95% CI 169–222, p<0.01). There were differences in risk of death by race and gender. White females had the highest PMR due to Assault and Homicide (PMR 317, 95% CI 164–554, p<0.01). All groups had similar risks of death due to Intentional Self-Harm (PMR 130–171). CONCLUSIONS The risk of death for US LEOs is high and increasing over time, suggesting an at-risk population that requires further interventions. Targeted efforts based on risk factors, such as gender and race, may assist with the development of prevention programs for this population.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population-based estimate of trauma-related deaths for law enforcement personnel

Eastman

Cripps

AbdelFattah

et al. 2017

Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Prior studies of national averages have reported that compared with White individuals, Black individuals experienced injuries involving legal intervention at rates approximately 5-fold higher. 1,3 For reference, from 2014 to 2016, Black individuals made up 14% of the US population, 4 11% of LE officers, 5 and 27% to 28% of all arrests. 6 In the subset of our cohort in which the patient's role as a suspect or LE officer was known, the proportion of non-Hispanic/Latino Black individuals was 26.2% (105 of 401) and 26.0% (19 of 73), respectively.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Demographic, Clinical, and Mortality Trends of Law Enforcement–Related Trauma

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The traumatic events experienced by police officers can often be life-threatening (McCaslin et al, 2006). One type of life-threatening experience police officers may encounter is an ambush (Crosby & Lyons, 2016). Studies have been conducted to examine the psychological trauma and resilience experienced by police officers in general, but not specifically officers involved in an ambush.…”

Section: Chapter 4: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studying the impact of violent encounters on LEOs is vital because it not only affects the lives of police officers, but the general public. According to Crosby and Lyons (2016), "even though these killings account for a small percentage of total U.S. homicides, they represent a significant public health burden and can incite further violence in which more people are killed" (p.1).…”

Section: Violent Encountersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Law enforcement officers are widely recognized as having one of the most dangerous and stressful occupations (McCaslin et al, 2006). Officers are often exposed to life-threatening situations such as disturbance calls, arrest situations, investigating suspicious persons or circumstances, traffic pursuits and stops, and ambushes (Crosby & Lyons, 2016;McCaslin et al, 2006;Young, 1990). Ambush-related attacks have continuously been a threat to police officers in the United States.…”

Section: Chapter 1: Introduction and Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Psychological Trauma and Resilience of Police Officers Involved in an Ambush: An Exploratory Study

Teaff¹

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Law enforcement officers are widely recognized as having one of the most dangerous and stressful occupations, which can lead to lasting physical and psychological impacts. While research has examined the psychological trauma and resilience experienced by police officers, there have been very few research studies involving ambushes. Due to the continued risk of ambushes on police officers, gaining insight into the trauma and resilience of officers during these types of situations would be beneficial in providing psychologists with information to aid in their treatment officers involved in an ambush and similar unprovoked attacks. The primary aim of this study was to examine the differences in symptomatology of trauma and level of resilience among victim and witness police officers involved in an ambush. In the spring of 2019, police officers (n = 19), including 15 victim officers and 4 witness officers, completed self-report questionnaires. Results from this exploratory study demonstrated that years of experience as an officer was significantly correlated with age at the time of the ambush. An independent samples t-test showed there were no statistically significant differences between victim officers and witness officers on measures of trauma symptomatology and level of resilience. Additionally, it showed there were no statistically significant differences between officers who received counseling and those who did not receive counseling after an ambush, on measures of trauma symptomatology and level of resilience. PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAUMA AND RESILIENCE iii Acknowledgements First, I would like to thank Dr. Daniels for your encouragement and support throughout my time in this program. Learning from you has truly been a pleasure. I would also like to thank Dr. Bartee for all that you have taught me during the program and your support these past several years. To Dr. Leppma, Dr. Schimmel, and Dr. Berhanu, thank you for your time, energy, expertise, and support throughout the course of this project. To Mom, Dad, Jamie, Jesse, Rudy, and Grey, thank you for your constant encouragement, love, and dedication to helping me pursue my goals. None of this would have been possible without you. To Christopher, you have brought so much happiness and love into my life. The support and encouragement you have given me has helped in so many ways. I love you.

show abstract

Assessing Homicides by and of U.S. Law-Enforcement Officers

Cited by 10 publications

References 5 publications

Population-based estimate of trauma-related deaths for law enforcement personnel

Population-based estimate of trauma-related deaths for law enforcement personnel

Demographic, Clinical, and Mortality Trends of Law Enforcement–Related Trauma

Psychological Trauma and Resilience of Police Officers Involved in an Ambush: An Exploratory Study

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About