“…It has covered more than 99.6% of Taiwan's citizens since 1999 (Bureau of National Health Insurance, 2012; Chi, Lee, & Schoon, 2012). The NHI Research Database (NHIRD) inpatient and outpatient claims dataset includes variables such as encrypted patient identification numbers, gender, birthdate, dates of visits, admissions, and discharges, three diagnostic codes for outpatient claims and five diagnosis codes and five procedure codes for inpatient claims, drug prescriptions, fees paid for various kinds of medical services, characteristics of medical settings, and disposition after discharge (Hsiao, Yang, Huang, & Huang, 2007).…”