Assessing Head/Neck Dynamic Response to Head Perturbation: A Systematic Review

Flao, Enora Le; Brughelli, Matt; Hume, Patria; D, King

doi:10.1007/s40279-018-0984-3

Cited by 20 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…Our results of less thickness of the SCM in women were in agreement; however, we did not identify any sex differences in SCM SWE stiffness. In a recent review, 13 investigators also reported mixed results for sex differences in neck-stiffness values. Previous researchers 13 used a whole head-neck perturbation test to calculate neck stiffness.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a recent review, 13 investigators also reported mixed results for sex differences in neck-stiffness values. Previous researchers 13 used a whole head-neck perturbation test to calculate neck stiffness. Methodologic differences between studies would likely explain the mixed results for neck stiffness and sex differences.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Traditionally, head or neck stiffness was measured during dynamic-perturbation tasks in which a participant's head was attached to a cable with a weight, and he or she had to react as soon as the cable was released. 13 Females exhibited less neck stiffness against perturbations, resulting in greater neck displacement and acceleration. 13 Although neckstiffness testing has provided important findings, less invasive methods using simple devices and standardized procedures would be preferred in clinical practice or largescale prospective injury-prevention studies.…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

“…13 Females exhibited less neck stiffness against perturbations, resulting in greater neck displacement and acceleration. 13 Although neckstiffness testing has provided important findings, less invasive methods using simple devices and standardized procedures would be preferred in clinical practice or largescale prospective injury-prevention studies. The US-based SWE-stiffness values of the brachialis muscle were validated concurrently with the Young modulus (mechanical stiffness values based on strain and stress during passive stretch of the muscle) using the materials testing system.…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

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Sex Differences in Ultrasound-Based Muscle Size and Mechanical Properties of the Cervical-Flexor and -Extensor Muscles

Nagai

Schilaty

Krause

et al. 2020

Journal of Athletic Training

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Context Neck pain (NP), neck injuries, and concussions are more prevalent in female athletes than in their male counterparts. Females exhibit less neck girth, strength, and stiffness against a perturbation. As part of the clinical examination for individuals with NP, ultrasound (US)–based imaging of the cervical muscles has become common. Muscle size or thickness and stiffness can be measured with US-based B-mode and shear-wave elastography (SWE), respectively. Information on reliability, normative values, and sex differences based on US-based muscle size or thickness and stiffness in young and athletic individuals is limited. Objective To evaluate sex differences in US-based muscle size or thickness and biomechanical properties of the cervical-flexor and -extensor muscles. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants A total of 13 women (age = 23.7 ± 1.9 years, height = 167.1 ± 6.1 cm, mass = 63.8 ± 5.6 kg) and 11 men (age = 25.6 ± 4.9 years, height = 178.7 ± 8.3 cm, mass = 78.9 ± 12.0 kg). Main Outcome Measure(s) The same examiner collected all measures, using US B-mode to scan the cross-sectional area and thickness of the longus colli (LC), sternocleidomastoid (SCM), cervical-extensor muscles, and upper trapezius (UT) muscle. The US SWE-mode was used to measure the stiffness of the SCM and UT. Independent t tests or Mann-Whitney U tests were calculated to determine sex differences. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) measured intrarater test-retest reliability. Results Men had thicker SCMs than women (P = .01). No sex differences were present for longus colli cross-sectional area, cervical-extensor muscle thickness, or UT thickness (P > .05). In addition, no sex differences were evident for SCM (P = .302) or UT (P = .703) SWE stiffness. Reliability was good to excellent (ICC = 0.715–0.890) except for SCM SWE stiffness (ICC = 0.554). Conclusions The only sex difference was in SCM thickness. However, smaller SCMs in women did not result in less SCM SWE stiffness. We provided normative values for US-based imaging of the cervical-flexor and -extensor muscles in young and athletic men and women.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 97%

mentioning

confidence: 97%

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Sex Differences in Ultrasound-Based Muscle Size and Mechanical Properties of the Cervical-Flexor and -Extensor Muscles

Nagai

Schilaty

Krause

et al. 2020

Journal of Athletic Training

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“…Helmets have also been found to inhibit peripheral reaction times [38], which could be a contributing factor to concussion risk, particularly because impacts to the side of the head are a common mechanism of concussion injuries. Neck stiffness and contraction latency of the neck musculature have been identified as modifiable factors, which provide dynamic stabilisation of the head and neck and thus reduce concussion risk [39,40]. In order to elicit these protective responses, athletes need to be able to anticipate collisions during training and game play.…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Injurymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Anticipation and Visual and Sensory Performance on Concussion Risk in Sport: A Review

et al. 2020

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Sports-related concussions pose a significant public health concern, and preventative measures are needed to help reduce risk in sport. Vision training could be a suitable prevention strategy for sports-related concussion to help improve athletes’ abilities to scan the visual field for oncoming objects or opponents and thus anticipate head impacts. By accurately anticipating impacts, athletes can prepare for impact or attempt to avoid the collision altogether. The purpose of this review is to explore the relationships between anticipation, visual and sensorimotor performance and head accelerations, as well as to examine the efficacy of vision training programmes in reducing concussion risk in sport. Anticipation of head impacts has been shown to help reduce linear and rotational head accelerations, particularly for mild-to-moderate severity head impacts, but less so for severe head impacts. There is conflicting evidence regarding the influences visual and sensorimotor performance and oculomotor behaviour have on concussion risk. However, preliminary research indicates vision training may help reduce concussion rates in collegiate American Football players. Therefore, this promising area of research warrants further investigation, particularly the role of anticipation and visual and sensory performance on reducing concussion risk in non-helmeted contact sports.

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Head and Neck Injuries in Gymnasts

Eng

Makovitch

2019

Gymnastics Medicine

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Assessing Head/Neck Dynamic Response to Head Perturbation: A Systematic Review

Cited by 20 publications

References 77 publications

Sex Differences in Ultrasound-Based Muscle Size and Mechanical Properties of the Cervical-Flexor and -Extensor Muscles

Sex Differences in Ultrasound-Based Muscle Size and Mechanical Properties of the Cervical-Flexor and -Extensor Muscles

The Effects of Anticipation and Visual and Sensory Performance on Concussion Risk in Sport: A Review

Head and Neck Injuries in Gymnasts

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