Assessing functions of stimuli associated with rich‐to‐lean transitions using a choice procedure

Langford, Jeremy S.; Pitts, Raymond C.; Hughes, Christine E.

doi:10.1002/jeab.540

Cited by 7 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…It should be noted, however, that the relation of pausing to other indices of aversive control is not entirely clear. For example, studies that have arranged for the opportunity to escape or choose the stimulus conditions surrounding transitions have found that the opportunity to do so has not reliably changed pausing (Everly et al, 2014;Langford et al, 2019;Retzlaff, 2017). Retzlaff et al, for example, found that even when the escape key was pecked, the pigeons did so after a period of time comparable to the typical baseline pause.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Water and health grit were readily available in their home cages, which were located in a temperature‐controlled colony room with a 12:12 hr light/dark cycle. All subjects had previous experience responding on multiple FR FR schedules and procedures as reported in Retzlaff et al (2017) and Langford et al (2019).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Across both arrangements, the escape key was pecked the most during rich‐to‐lean transitions; the escape key was occasionally pecked during lean‐to‐lean transitions and seldom pecked during lean‐to‐rich and rich‐to‐rich transitions. Similarly, when Langford et al (2019) embedded a choice procedure within Perone and Courtney's arrangement, pigeons reliably showed a preference for the mixed‐schedule stimulus when the upcoming reinforcer was signaled to be lean and reliably showed a preference for the multiple‐schedule stimulus when the upcoming reinforcer was signaled to be rich.…”

mentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Similarly, when Langford et al (2019) embedded a choice procedure within Perone and Courtney's arrangement, pigeons reliably showed a preference for the mixed-schedule stimulus when the upcoming reinforcer was signaled to be lean and reliably showed a preference for the multiple-schedule stimulus when the upcoming reinforcer was signaled to be rich.…”

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confidence: 97%

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Effects of chlordiazepoxide on pausing during rich‐to‐lean transitions

Langford

Batchelder

Haste

et al. 2021

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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Extended pausing during discriminable transitions from rich-to-lean conditions can be viewed as escape (i.e., rich-to-lean transitions function aversively). Thus, an anxiolytic drug would be predicted to mitigate the aversiveness and decrease pausing. In the current experiment, pigeons' key pecking was maintained by a multiple fixed-ratio fixed-ratio schedule of rich (i.e., larger) or lean (i.e., smaller) reinforcers. Intermediate doses (3.0-10.0 mg/kg) of chlordiazepoxide differentially decreased median pauses during rich-to-lean transitions. Relatively small decreases in pauses occurred during lean-to-lean and rich-to-rich transitions. Effects of chlordiazepoxide on pausing occurred without appreciable effects on run rates. These findings suggest that signaled rich-to-lean transitions function aversively.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 95%

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confidence: 97%

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Effects of chlordiazepoxide on pausing during rich‐to‐lean transitions

Langford

Batchelder

Haste

et al. 2021

J Exper Analysis Behavior

Self Cite

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“…Extended pausing in discriminable rich-lean transitions has been shown to be a general phenomenon in the laboratory. It has been replicated with rats (Baron et al, 1992;Baron et al, 1999;Brewer et al, 2017;Galuska & Yadon, 2011;Sawyer et al, 2019;Wade-Galuska, et al, 2005), pigeons (Langford et al, 2019;Perone & Courtney, 1992;Retzlaff et al, 2017;Toegel, 2017), hens (Harris et al, 2012;Young et al, 2017), monkeys (Galuska et al, 2007), and humans (Williams et al, 2011). It has been shown to occur when the operational definitions of the rich and lean components are based on reinforcer magnitude (e.g., Perone & Courtney, 1992), reinforcer delay (e.g., Harris et al, 2012), response requirement (e.g., Baron et al, 1992), and response-force requirement (e.g., Wade-Galuska et al, 2005).…”

Section: List Of Figuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral Functions of Stimuli Correlated with Transitions between Rich and Lean Schedules of Reinforcement

Whirtley¹

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Disruptions in operant behavior in the form of extended pausing reliably occur when there is a discriminable transition from a relatively rich schedule of reinforcement to a relatively lean schedule (i.e., a rich-lean transition). The present experiments assessed the reinforcing and aversive functions of the stimuli correlated with the transitions between rich and lean schedules using observing and escape procedures. In both experiments, pigeons' key pecks were reinforced with food on a compound schedule with two FR components. Completing the FR in the rich component produced a large reinforcer; completing the FR in the lean component produced a small reinforcer. The components alternated semi-randomly to produce four types of transitions: lean-lean, lean-rich, rich-lean, and rich-rich. In the observing experiment (Experiment 1), pigeons responded on a mixed schedule, in which the food key color was not correlated with the transitions. Pecks on a second key, the observing key, converted the mixed schedule to a multiple schedule by changing the food key color to a color correlated with the current transition. Across conditions, the consequences of the observing responses were manipulated by limiting the stimuli that could be produced. The stimuli correlated with the lean-rich and rich-rich transitions maintained observing, indicating that these stimuli were reinforcing. In contrast, the stimuli correlated with lean-lean and rich-lean transitions neither maintained nor punished observing, indicating that these stimuli were neither reinforcing nor aversive. In the escape experiment (Experiment 2), pigeons responded on a multiple schedule. Pecks on a second key, the escape key, darkened the food key, suspended the FR schedule, and changed the stimuli in the chamber. Across conditions, the magnitude of the stimulus changes that occurred following responses on the escape key was manipulated. The magnitude of the stimulus changes had no systematic effect for most of the pigeons; however, escape was more likely to occur during the rich-lean and leanlean transitions than during the lean-rich and rich-rich transitions, indicating that the lean stimuli were aversive. Overall, results from the present experiments indicate that stimuli correlated with lean schedules of reinforcement can acquire aversive functions, but the detection of these functions may depend on the experimental procedure.

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An experimental analysis of task refusal: A comparison of negative reinforcement contingencies and transitions between academic tasks

Pálsdóttir,

Magnússon,

Sveinbjörnsdóttir

2023

Behavioral Interventions

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The purpose of the study was to do an experimental analysis of academic task refusal for one girl with a developmental disability. Task refusal was analyzed in two experimental analyses. First, an analysis testing if the behavior was maintained by negative reinforcement, and the second, an analysis testing if the behavior was the result of transitioning between academic tasks differing in preference. Task refusal did not occur in the demand condition of the functional analysis, indicating that the behavior was not maintained by escape from demands. Conversely, task refusal occurred solely in the second experimental analysis when transitioning from a high‐preferred to a low‐preferred academic task. In this case, the context of terminating a preferred academic task and transitioning to a less preferred academic task was aversive but not the demand itself. In addition, when an embedded break condition was compared to a no break condition in a multielement design, task refusal was reduced to zero levels.

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Assessing functions of stimuli associated with rich‐to‐lean transitions using a choice procedure

Cited by 7 publications

References 21 publications

Effects of chlordiazepoxide on pausing during rich‐to‐lean transitions

Effects of chlordiazepoxide on pausing during rich‐to‐lean transitions

Behavioral Functions of Stimuli Correlated with Transitions between Rich and Lean Schedules of Reinforcement

An experimental analysis of task refusal: A comparison of negative reinforcement contingencies and transitions between academic tasks

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