Assessing Feasibility of Delivering Pharmacogenetic Testing in a Community Pharmacy Setting

Haga, Susanne B.; Moaddeb, Jivan; Mills, Rachel; Voora, Deepak

doi:10.2217/pgs-2016-0175

Cited by 16 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Details of this study design have been previously described. 26 In summary, a cluster randomized trial was conducted whereby independent community pharmacies were randomized to provide PGx testing or PGx testing with MTM. Buccal swab samples were collected from patients at the pharmacy who presented with a new or recent prescription for one of 10 drugs for which PGx recommendations are available and sent to Pathway Genomics for analysis.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Independent Community Pharmacists’ Experience in Offering Pharmacogenetic Testing

Haga¹,

Mills²,

Moaddeb³

et al. 2021

PGPM

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This study assessed pharmacist experiences with delivering pharmacogenetic (PGx) testing in independent community pharmacies. Methods: We conducted a cluster randomized trial of independent community pharmacies in North Carolina randomized to provide either PGx testing as a standalone service or integrated into medication therapy management (MTM) services. Surveys and pharmacist data about the delivery of PGx testing were collected. Semi-structured interviews were also conducted. Results: A total of 36 pharmacists participated in the study from 22 pharmacies. Sixteen pharmacists completed the pre-study and post-study surveys, and four pharmacists completed the semi-structured interviews. Thirty-one percent (11/36) of pharmacists had had some education in personalized medicine or PGx prior to the study. The only outcome that differed by study arm was the use of educational resources, with significantly higher utilization in the PGx testing only arm (p=0.007). Overall, compared to the pre-study assessment, pharmacists' knowledge about PGx significantly improved post-study (p=0.018). In the post-study survey, almost all pharmacists indicated that they felt qualified/able to provide PGx testing at their pharmacy. While 75% of pharmacists indicated that they may continue to provide PGx testing at their pharmacy after the study, the major concerns were lack of reimbursement for PGx counseling and consultation given the necessary time required. Conclusion:Our findings demonstrated a positive experience with delivering PGx testing in the community pharmacy setting with little difference in pharmacists' experiences in providing PGx testing with or without MTM. Pharmacists were confident in their ability to provide PGx testing and were interested in continuing to offer testing, though sustained delivery may be challenged by lack of prescribing provider engagement and reimbursement.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Independent Community Pharmacists’ Experience in Offering Pharmacogenetic Testing

Haga¹,

Mills²,

Moaddeb³

et al. 2021

PGPM

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“…More recently, community-based pharmacist practitioners have become involved in POCT for infectious diseases like Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Hepatitis C, streptococcus, and influenza [44,45]. As pharmacogenomics develops, POCT devices that measure drug metabolism are becoming available and community-based pharmacist practitioners with their drug expertise are a good choice to provide this service [46]. This would prevent someone from taking a medication that they cannot process and avoid having to try multiple medications to find the right one.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Community-Based Pharmacy Practice Innovation and the Role of the Community-Based Pharmacist Practitioner in the United States

et al. 2019

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Community-based pharmacy practice is evolving from a focus on product preparation and dispensing to becoming a health care destination within the four walls of the traditional community-based pharmacy. Furthermore, community-based pharmacy practice is expanding beyond the four walls of the traditional community-based pharmacy to provide care to patients where they need it. Pharmacists involved in this transition are community-based pharmacist practitioners who are primarily involved in leading and advancing team-based patient care services in communities to improve the patient health. This paper will review community-based pharmacy practice innovations and the role of the community-based pharmacist practitioner in the United States.

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“…These questions, among others, led to the advocacy for and development of community pharmacy-based models for PGx-focused management of clopidogrel following release of the associated CPIC and other guidelines. [41][42][43][44][45][49][50][51][70][71][72] For personal use only.…”

Section: Clopidogrel Pgx and Community Pharmacy Models Published Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…41,42 However, recent studies have demonstrated the viability of PGx work in general in community pharmacies. [43][44][45] Further, DTC PGx testing presents new opportunities for community pharmacists to be deeply involved in DTC PGx work. 46 As DTC PGx testing becomes increasingly available, cost efficient, and visible in health systems and community pharmacies, clinical workflow models may need to further adapt to involve patient-gathered PGx data.…”

Section: Introduction and Background Of Pharmacogenomics Across Health-care Settingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacogenomics in the United States Community Pharmacy Setting: The Clopidogrel-CYP2C19 Example

Kisor

Petry

Bright

2021

PGPM

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Pharmacogenomics (PGx) is expanding across health-care practice settings, including the community pharmacy. In the United States, models of implementation of PGx in the community pharmacy have described independent services and those layered on to medication therapy management. The drug-gene pair of clopidogrel-CYP2C19 has been a focus of implementation of PGx in community pharmacy and serves as an example of the evolution of the application of drug-gene interaction information to help optimize drug therapy. Expanded information related to this drug-gene pair has been provided by the US Food and Drug Administration and clinical PGx guidelines have and continue to be updated to support clinical decision-making. Most recently direct-to-consumer (DTC) PGx has resulted in patient generated sample collection and submission to a genetic testing-related company for analysis, with reporting of genotype and related phenotype information directly to the patient without a health-care professional guiding or even being involved in the process. The DTC testing approach needs to be considered in the development or modification of PGx service models in the community pharmacy setting. The example of clopidogrel-CYP2C19 is discussed and current models of PGx implementation in the community pharmacy in the United States are presented. New approaches to PGx services are offered as implementation continues to evolve and may now include DTC information.

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Assessing Feasibility of Delivering Pharmacogenetic Testing in a Community Pharmacy Setting

Cited by 16 publications

References 52 publications

Independent Community Pharmacists’ Experience in Offering Pharmacogenetic Testing

Independent Community Pharmacists’ Experience in Offering Pharmacogenetic Testing

Community-Based Pharmacy Practice Innovation and the Role of the Community-Based Pharmacist Practitioner in the United States

Pharmacogenomics in the United States Community Pharmacy Setting: The Clopidogrel-CYP2C19 Example

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