Assessing Father–Infant Interactions Using the NCAST Teaching Scale: A Pilot Study

Nakamura, Wendell M.; Stewart, Katherine B.; Tatarka, Mary E.

doi:10.5014/ajot.54.1.44

Cited by 17 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 14 publications

(10 reference statements)

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“…In the literature on TD children, fathers (compared to mothers) are often depicted as less sensitive (Lamb, Frodi, Frodi, & Hwang, 1982;Nakamura, Stewart, & Tatarka, 2000), if more active and fun playmates (Caneva & Venuti, 1998;Hewlett, 1992;Lamb, 1977Lamb, , 2004Notaro & Volling, 1999;Parke, 1996;Venuti & Giusti, 1996). Only two existing studies that specifically aimed to compare parents with regard to EA have also confirmed this idea (Lovas, 2005;Volling et al, 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Mother–Child and Father–Child Emotional Availability in Families of Children with Down Syndrome

2009

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SYNOPSISObjective. Emotional availability (EA) is a relationship construct that can be considered a global index of the emotional quality of parent-child interaction. The present study aimed to address several specific questions about mother-child and father-child emotional availability in families with a child with Down's syndrome (DS). Design. Free-play interactions of 22 children with DS (M chronological age = 35.32 mo) We coded separately with each parent using the Emotional Availability (EA) Scales (Biringen, Robinson, & Emde, 1998). Results. Overall, mothers and fathers and their children with DS were equally emotionally available to one another. Bivariate correlations between maternal and paternal EA ratings of Sensitivity, Structuring, and Nonhostility showed significant positive associations. Moreover, bivariate correlations also highlighted the stability of child Responsiveness and Involvement across interactions with the two parents. There were no differences between mothers and fathers in mean levels of Sensitivity, Structuring, Nonintrusiveness, or Nonhostility, nor were there differences in mean levels of child Responsiveness and Involvement between mother-child and father-child interactions. Conclusions. We discuss the clinical utility of the EA Scales for assessing relationships between parents and their children with DS.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Mother–Child and Father–Child Emotional Availability in Families of Children with Down Syndrome

2009

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“…Some of the popular stereotypes include "fathers are less involved in the parenting tasks" and "mothers maintain a better relationship with the children than fathers". Empirically, there are research findings in infancy and childhood showing that mothers are more involved than fathers in the socialization process and mothers maintain a closer relationship with their children than fathers (e.g., Nakamura et al 2000). Theoretically, there are several non-mutually exclusive accounts of the relatively higher parenting involvement of mothers relative to fathers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Perceived Parental Control and Parent–Child Relational Qualities in Early Adolescents In Hong Kong: Parent Gender, Child Gender and Grade Differences

Shek

2007

Sex Roles

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This study examined parent gender, child gender and grade differences in perceived parental control and parent-adolescent relational qualities in early adolescents in Hong Kong, People's Republic of China. Utilizing a longitudinal research design, 2,559 Chinese secondary school students responded to instruments assessing perceived parental behavioral control, parental psychological control, and parent-child relational qualities over three consecutive years. Results showed that there were parent gender and child gender differences in parental control and parent-adolescent relational qualities, but interaction effects of parent gender and child gender were also found. These findings strongly challenge the traditional Chinese cultural belief of "strict fathers, kind mothers". Results also consistently showed that the levels of perceived parental behavioral control and parent-child relational qualities gradually declined from grades 7 to 9 in early adolescent years in the Chinese culture.

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“…The few studies that have actually compared mothers and fathers on the same measures have yielded mixed results (e.g., Braungart-Rieker, Garwood, Powers, & Notaro, 1998;Nakamura, Stewart, & Tatarka, 2000). We thus have no clear idea how fathers' interactions with their infants might play into this emerging picture of early gender development.…”

mentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Some researchers, comparing mothers and fathers on the same instruments, have found fathers to be less sensitive or responsive than mothers (e.g., Nakamura et al, 2000). In addition, there is a life-span female advantage in the decoding of social and emotional nonverbal communication (Brody, 1985;Halpern, 1992;Haviland & Malatesta, 1981), which is a necessary skill for EA and optimal structuring (Biringen et al, 1998).…”

Section: Parent Gender Differencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender and patterns of emotional availability in mother–toddler and father–toddler dyads

Lovas

2005

Infant Mental Health Journal

118

123

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Recent research has revealed gender differences in emotional communication and affect regulation during early mother-child interactions that are consistent with later gender differences in relational behavior. The current study extends those findings to father-child interactions. Parent-toddler dyads were videotaped during quiet indoor play when the toddlers were 19 and 24 months old. The observations were coded with Biringen, Robinson, and Emde's (1998) Emotional Availability scales (3rd ed.), which yields scores for parent sensitivity, structuring, nonintrusiveness, and nonhostility, and for child responsiveness to and involvement of the parent. Analyses of mean differences revealed a consistent pattern of larger parent than child gender differences. Dyadic analyses revealed more complex results. Mother-daughter dyads displayed the highest scores, followed by mother-son, then father-daughter, and finally father-son dyads for all variables but hostility, which by 24 months was higher in same-sex than in opposite-sex dyads. Scores for father-son dyads more often fell below the scale point indicating "good enough" parenting than scores for other dyads. The inclusion of fathers in the sample extends previous findings both by eliciting an increased range of variation within child gender and by providing a first look at the emotional availability of fathers relative to that of mothers.

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Assessing Father–Infant Interactions Using the NCAST Teaching Scale: A Pilot Study

Cited by 17 publications

References 14 publications

Mother–Child and Father–Child Emotional Availability in Families of Children with Down Syndrome

Mother–Child and Father–Child Emotional Availability in Families of Children with Down Syndrome

Perceived Parental Control and Parent–Child Relational Qualities in Early Adolescents In Hong Kong: Parent Gender, Child Gender and Grade Differences

Gender and patterns of emotional availability in mother–toddler and father–toddler dyads

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