Assessing Depression in Youth: Relation Between the Children's Depression Inventory and a Structured Interview

Timbremont, Benedikte; Braet, Caroline; Dreessen, Laura

doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3301_14

Cited by 243 publications

(195 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The internal consistency of the CDI was measured in Wu et al’s study (2010); Cronbach’s α was .88 for the total CDI and ranged from .60 to .74 for the subscales. Timbremont, Braet, and Dreessen (2004) suggested that a cut-off score of 19 was adequate for the general screening of depression (Timbremont et al, 2004). The internal consistency (Cronbach’s α) of the CDI in this study was .88 at T1, .89 at T2, .91 at T3 and .91 at T4.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms in children after the Wenchuan earthquake

Cheng

Liang

et al. 2018

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

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Background: Many studies have reported the comorbidity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression in children. However, the underlying relationship between PTSD and depression remains unclear.Objective: This study examines the relationship between PTSD and depressive symptoms in children who survived the Wenchuan earthquake in China.Methods: In total, 301 children were assessed at four months and then followed up at 29, 40 and 52 months after the disaster. The ages of the children ranged from 9.6–14.6 years old, and the sample included 157 males and 144 females. The children were assessed by using the University of California at Los Angeles PTSD reaction index for DSM-IV for PTSD symptoms and the Children’s Depression Inventory for depressive symptoms.Results: Comorbid PTSD and depressive symptoms were prevalent in 4.0, 3.3, 3.7 and 5.1% of the participants at times 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. The cross-lagged analysis indicated that PTSD symptoms at time 1 predicted depressive symptoms at time 2; depressive symptoms at time 1 predicted PTSD symptoms at time 2; depressive symptoms at time 2 predicted PTSD symptoms at time 3; and depressive symptoms at time 3 predicted PTSD symptoms at time 4. The findings also showed that being female, poor parental relationships and trauma exposure were risk factors for PTSD or depressive symptoms.Conclusions: The results suggest that the causal relationship between PTSD and depressive symptoms changes over time; the effects of PTSD symptoms tend to decrease, while those of depressive symptoms tend to increase. Two stages of the relationship between PTSD and depressive symptoms were observed, namely, that PTSD and depressive symptoms first influenced each other and then that depressive symptoms predicted PTSD. The results of our study also suggest that females with poor parental relationships and a high degree of trauma exposure are more likely to require intervention.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms in children after the Wenchuan earthquake

Cheng

Liang

et al. 2018

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

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“…There were no ethnic or racial differences (White vs. nonWhite in one analysis, and White vs. African-American in a second analysis) in any of the variables (all t's<1.50).. Using the different recommended clinical cutoffs for the CDI revealed that 24.3% (CDI cutoff>19; Stark and Laurent 2001) or 32.3% (CDI cutoff>16; Timbremont et al 2004) of youth were above cut-scores for the CDI. Similarly, for the SDQ, 12.3% of youth were above cut-scores (Goodman 2001) for the internalizing scale and 15.1% for the conduct factor of the SDQ.…”

Section: Preliminary Analysesmentioning

confidence: 84%

Cognitive Vulnerability–Stress Model of Depression During Adolescence: Investigating Depressive Symptom Specificity in a Multi-Wave Prospective Study

Hankin

2008

J Abnorm Child Psychol

129

110

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Depression commonly co-occurs with anxiety and externalizing problems. Etiological factors from a central cognitive theory of depression, the Hopelessness Theory (Abramson et al. Psychological Review, 96, 358-372, 1989), were examined to evaluate whether a negative inferential style about cause, consequence, and self interacted with stressors over time to predict prospective elevations in depressive symptoms specifically compared with typically co-occurring symptoms. Negative inferential style was assessed at baseline in a sample of early and middle adolescents (N=350, sixth to tenth graders). Measures of general depressive, anhedonic depressive, anxious arousal, general internalizing, and externalizing symptoms and occurrence of stressors were assessed at four time points over a 5-month period. Results using hierarchical linear modeling show that a negative inferential style interacted with negative events to predict prospective symptoms of general and anhedonic depression specifically but not anxious arousal, general internalizing or externalizing symptoms. Negative events predicted prospective elevations of symptoms of anxious arousal, internalizing, and externalizing problems.

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“…A cutoff of 16 on the CDI was used to identify depressed participants. This cutoff score was found to maximize sensitivity and specificity of the CDI in identifying depressed adolescents in a study that used a standardized clinical interview as the gold standard (Timbremont et al 2004). Participants with analogue social phobia were identified using cutoff of 18 on the SPAI (March et al 1997).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, convergent and discriminant validity have been established that indicate measurement equivalence in White and Black children (Cole et al 1998). The CDI has also been demonstrated to reliably identify children and adolescents with major depression and to differentiate children with major depression from those with an anxiety disorder or disruptive behavior disorder (Timbremont et al 2004). The item pertaining to suicidal ideation was removed from the measure at the request of school officials and the human subjects committee.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial/Ethnic Differences in Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms in Adolescents

McLaughlin

Hilt

Nolen–Hoeksema

2007

J Abnorm Child Psychol

325

182

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The prevalence of most adult psychiatric disorders varies across racial/ethnic groups and has important implications for prevention and intervention efforts. Research on racial/ethnic differences in the prevalence of internalizing and externalizing symptoms and disorders in adolescents has been less consistent or generally lacking. The current study examined the prevalence of these symptom groups in a large sample of sixth, seventh, and eighth graders in which the three major racial/ethnic groups in the U.S. (White, Black, and Hispanic/Latino) were well-represented. Hispanic females reported experiencing higher levels of depression, anxiety, and reputational aggression than other groups. Black males reported the highest levels of overtly aggressive behavior and also reported higher levels of physiologic anxiety and disordered eating than males from other racial/ethnic groups. Hispanic females also exhibited higher levels of comorbidity than other racial/ethnic groups. KeywordsRacial/ethnic differences; Adolescence; Anxiety; Depression; Eating pathology; Aggression Racial/ethnic differences in the prevalence of symptoms of depression (Blazer et al. 1994;Kessler et al. 1994), anxiety (Brown et al. 1990), and eating disorders (Striegel-Moore et al. 2003) have been documented in a number of studies utilizing adult samples. There has been substantially less work examining racial/ethnic differences in the prevalence of psychopathology in adolescents. Large epidemiologic studies of adolescent psychopathology have typically not focused on racial/ethnic group differences in symptoms or have not included substantial numbers of ethnic minorities. For example, in the Oregon Adolescent Depression Project (Lewinsohn et al. 1993) over 90% of participants were White. Similarly, in the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study the vast majority of participants were White (e.g., McGee et al. 1990). Understanding racial/ethnic differences in psychopathology is important for the identification of at-risk groups and targets for prevention efforts, improvement of mental health services, and as a first step in understanding the mechanisms by which risk factors confer vulnerability to psychopathology differentially on various segments of the population.The research that has been conducted examining race/ethnicity differences in adolescent psychopathology has yielded inconsistent findings about differences in the prevalence of symptoms of depression, anxiety, eating disorders, and aggression. Some studies document significant group differences (e.g., Roberts and Chen 1995;Austin and Chorpita 2004) while others have reported no differences in symptoms across groups (e.g., Cole et al. 1998).Correspondence to: Katie A. McLaughlin, katie.mclaughlin@yale.edu. Another explanation for disparate findings in studies comparing rates of symptoms in different racial/ethnic groups involves the inclusion of children and adolescents from different age groups (e.g., Kistner et al. 2003;Ollendick et al. 1996). The prevalence of inte...

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Assessing Depression in Youth: Relation Between the Children's Depression Inventory and a Structured Interview

Cited by 243 publications

References 28 publications

Posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms in children after the Wenchuan earthquake

Posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms in children after the Wenchuan earthquake

Cognitive Vulnerability–Stress Model of Depression During Adolescence: Investigating Depressive Symptom Specificity in a Multi-Wave Prospective Study

Racial/Ethnic Differences in Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms in Adolescents

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