Assessing DBP yield: uniform formation conditions

Summers, R. Scott; Hooper, Stuart M.; Shukairy, Hiba M.; Solarik, Gabriele; Owen, Douglas

doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1996.tb06573.x

Cited by 238 publications

(158 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…A large volume of the raw water was then treated with this optimal alum dose. Chlorination studies were performed on each of the treated water samples and on the raw water, using uniform formation conditions (UFC; [12], see below). THM formation and HAA formation were then determined following chlorination.…”

Section: General Experimental Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Enhanced coagulation using a magnetic ion exchange resin

2002

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The objective of this investigation was to examine the effectiveness of a magnetic ion exchange resin (MIEX s ) to enhance the coagulation of disinfection by-product precursors in nine surface waters, each representing a different element of the USEPA's 3 Â 3 enhanced coagulation matrix. The effect of MIEX-pretreatment on the requisite alum dose needed for subsequent coagulation of turbidity was also evaluated.Enhanced coagulation with MIEX was found to be very effective for removing trihalomethane (THM) and haloacetic acid (HAA) precursors from the nine waters examined. THM and HAA formation potential was reduced by more than 60% in all of the waters studied; reductions approaching 90% were seen in the waters with the highest specific ultraviolet absorbance values. The residual total organic carbon concentration, ultraviolet absorbance, and THM and HAA formation potential were all substantially lower as a result of MIEX and alum treatment compared to alum coagulation alone. MIEX pre-treatment also lowered the coagulant demand of each of the waters substantially. r

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Section: General Experimental Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The chlorine demand of the product water of each process train was determined using a modification of the UFC procedure [12]. Chlorination studies were typically performed on the raw water, the alum-coagulated water, and the water treated with the lowest MIEX dose.…”

Section: Chlorinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced coagulation using a magnetic ion exchange resin

2002

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“…Normal seasonal changes are expected for the reservoir, which can alter somewhat the water quality over the course of a year (TOC, temperature, water stage, turbidity, etc.). Although uniform formation conditions (UFCs) (Summers et al 1996) for chlorine and oocyst inactivation conditions for ozone are expected to be relatively constant, other conditions may vary (chlorine and ozone demand [and therefore doses] may change, coagulation doses vary with turbidity, bromide spiking may change as ambient bromide levels change, etc.). Therefore, temporal changes in finished water quality are expected, requiring monitoring over time to relate consumer equivalents to animal equivalents.…”

Section: Water Sourcementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chlorination occurs under UFC conditions (a free chlorine concentration of 1 mg/L after 24 hr at pH 8) (Summers et al 1996). For the ozonation/chlorination scenario (Figure 2), the level of ozone will be set to achieve 1 log inactivation of Cryptosporidium oocysts, based on previous inactivation studies (Owens et al 2001).…”

Section: Water Disinfection Treatment Schemesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An additional advantage to the use of chlorination as the posttreatment with ozonation is it allows a comparison to the postchlorination scenario that minimizes the number of variables that differ between the two treatment schemes. Similar to the chlorination-only scenario, the water is chlorinated at UFC (Summers et al 1996). Based on previous pilot-scale ozonation/chlorination studies of EFL water without bromide spiking, under UFCs (Miltner et al 1996), the ozonation/chlorination plant is expected to produce lower concentrations of DBPs than the chlorination plant, as ozone will oxidize some chlorine-reactive DBP precursor material.…”

Section: Water Disinfection Treatment Schemesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of a research strategy for integrated technology-based toxicological and chemical evaluation of complex mixtures of drinking water disinfection byproducts.

Simmons

Richardson

Speth

et al. 2002

Environ Health Perspect

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Chemical disinfection of water is a major public health triumph of the 20th century. Dramatic decreases in both morbidity and mortality of waterborne diseases are a direct result of water disinfection. With these important public health benefits comes low-level, chronic exposure to a very large number of disinfection byproducts (DBPs), chemicals formed through reaction of the chemical disinfectant with naturally occurring inorganic and organic material in the source water. This article provides an overview of joint research planning by scientists residing within the various organizations of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development. The purpose is to address concerns related to potential health effects from exposure to DBPs that cannot be addressed directly from toxicological studies of individual DBPs or simple DBP mixtures. Two factors motivate the need for such an investigation of complex mixtures of DBPs: a) a significant amount of the material that makes up the total organic halide and total organic carbon portions of the DBPs has not been identified; and b) epidemiologic data, although not conclusive, are suggestive of potential developmental, reproductive, or carcinogenic health effects in humans exposed to DBPs. The plan is being developed and the experiments necessary to determine the feasibility of its implementation are being

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Bromide Influence on Trihalomethane and Haloacetic Acid Formation

Chellam

2004

Water Encyclopedia

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An undesired consequence of adding chemicals such as chlorine to disinfect drinking water is the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Exposure to high doses of DBPs has been shown to cause cancers as well as adverse reproductive effects in laboratory animals. In contrast, epidemiological studies have not been able to conclusively establish a causal link between chlorinated drinking water containing DBPs to an increased cancer risk in humans consuming them. Regardless, federal regulations restricting the concentrations of several DBP classes (including four trihalomethanes and five haloacetic acids) have been established by the Environmental Protection Agency to reduce any potential risks they may pose. This section briefly describes the effects of changes in the relative concentrations of bromide ion and natural organic matter on the formation and speciation of trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids. Special emphasis is given to the formation of all nine haloacetic acids containing chlorine and bromine even though current and regulations anticipated in the near term do not address them. Additionally, it is shown that even though water treatment processes such as nanofiltration and granular activated carbon reduce the total concentrations of DBP precursors, they shift the relative speciation of THMs and HAAs toward the more brominated ones.

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Assessing DBP yield: uniform formation conditions

Cited by 238 publications

References 12 publications

Enhanced coagulation using a magnetic ion exchange resin

Enhanced coagulation using a magnetic ion exchange resin

Development of a research strategy for integrated technology-based toxicological and chemical evaluation of complex mixtures of drinking water disinfection byproducts.

Bromide Influence on Trihalomethane and Haloacetic Acid Formation

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