Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach.

Abstract

We developed a muRidimensional coping inventory to assess the different ways in which people respond to stress. Five scales (of four items each) measure conceptually distinct aspects of problemfocused coping (active coping, planning, suppression of competing activities, restraint coping, seeking of instrumental social support); five scales measure aspects of what might be viewed as emotionfocused coping (seeking of emotional social support, positive reinterpretation, acceptance, denial, turning to religion); and three scales measure coping responses that arguably are less useful (focus on and venting of emotions, behavioral disengagement, mental disengagement). Study 1 reports the development of scale items. Study 2 reports correlations between the various coping scales and several theoretically relevant personality measures in an effort to provide preliminary information about the inventory's convergent and discriminant validity, Study 3 uses the inventory to assess coping responses among a group of undergraduates who were attempting to cope with a specific stressful episode. This study also allowed an initial examination of associations between dispositional and situational coping tendencies.

Behaviour-based functional and dysfunctional strategies of medical students to cope with burnout

“…According to their functionality, coping strategies were divided into functional and dysfunctional coping strategies [18,16]. The functional and dysfunctional coping strategies were developed on the basis of qualitative material.…”

“…According to Lazarus and Folkman, ‘coping can be understood as a constant cognitive and behavioural attempt to deal with specific external and internal demands that are perceived and valued as stressful’ [15,16]. The main aim of this work is to examine this relationship of coping behaviour and burnout, whereby the theories and concepts of Lazarus and Folkman [16] and Carver and colleagues [17,18], splitting coping strategies according to their functionality into functional and dysfunctional coping strategies, are applied to the context of medical students.…”

Attachment styles, grief responses, and the moderating role of coping strategies in parents bereaved by the Sewol ferry accident

“…The wording was modified for the present study to fit the population and the challenges the participants faced. Based on the theoretical literature and several empirical studies, we grouped the 14 subscales into three categories: (1) problem-focused coping (active coping, planning, instrumental support), (2) emotion-focused coping (positive reframing, humour, religion, acceptance, emotional support), and (3) avoidant coping (self-blame, behavioural engagement, substance abuse, self-distraction, denial, venting) (Carver & Scheier, 1994; Carver, Scheier, & Weintraub, 1989; Coolidge, Segal, Hook, & Stewart, 2000; Cooper, Katona, & Livingston, 2008; Endler & Parker, 1994; Folkman & Lazarus, 1985; Schnider et al, 2007). In the present sample, the Cronbach alpha for problem-focused coping, emotion-focused coping, and avoidant coping was 0.863, 0.822, and 0.723, respectively.…”

Appraisals, coping and adjustment pre and post SCI rehabilitation: a 2-year follow-up study

“…The COPE is a generic coping measure, which measures coping styles as opposed to situationspecific coping strategies. 34 This measure has been successfully used with a SCI population. 35 Three subscales found in previous research 35 to be associated with adjustment were used: positive reinterpretation, behavioural disengagement and planning.…”