Assessing Blood Brain Barrier Permeability in Traumatic Brain Injury Research

Liao, George P.; Aertker, Benjamin M.; Kota, Daniel J.; Prabhakara, Karthik S.; Smith, Philippa; Hetz, Robert A.; Xue, Hasen; Bedi, Supinder S.; Olson, Scott D.; Cox, Charles S.

doi:10.5599/admet.3.3.173

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 51 publications

(54 reference statements)

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“…Due to the increased chance of detection in controls, it is less precise than paracellular tracer permeability, like dextran and inulin 54 . However, in a study by Liao et al 55 , EB and dextran were compared and indicated that EB could detect BBB permeability, but non-specific signals were reduced in shams using dextrans. So, the increase in extravasation in injured animals in these experiments was likely due to BBB permeability caused by the TBI.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carvacrol decreases blood–brain barrier permeability post-diffuse traumatic brain injury in rats

Abbasloo,

Khaksari,

Sanjari

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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Previously, we showed that Satureja Khuzestanica Jamzad essential oil (SKEO) and its major component, carvacrol (CAR), 5-isopropyl-2-methylphenol, has anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and anti-edematous properties after experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rats. CAR, predominantly found in Lamiaceae family (Satureja and Oregano), is lipophilic, allowing diffusion across the blood–brain barrier (BBB). These experiments test the hypothesis that acute treatment with CAR after TBI can attenuate oxidative stress and BBB permeability associated with CAR’s anti-edematous traits. Rats were divided into six groups and injured using Marmarou weight drop: Sham, TBI, TBI + Vehicle, TBI + CAR (100 and 200 mg/kg) and CAR200-naive treated rats. Intraperitoneal injection of vehicle or CAR was administered thirty minutes after TBI induction. 24 h post-injury, brain edema, BBB permeability, BBB-related protein levels, and oxidative capacity were measured. Data showed CAR 200 mg/kg treatment decreased brain edema and prevented BBB permeability. CAR200 decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total antioxidative capacity (T-AOC), indicating the mechanism of BBB protection is, in part, through antioxidant activity. Also, CAR 200 mg/kg treatment suppressed matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression and increased ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-5 levels. These data indicate that CAR can promote antioxidant activity and decrease post-injury BBB permeability, further supporting CAR as a potential early therapeutic intervention that is inexpensive and more readily available worldwide. However, more experiments are required to determine CAR’s long-term impact on TBI pathophysiology.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carvacrol decreases blood–brain barrier permeability post-diffuse traumatic brain injury in rats

Abbasloo,

Khaksari,

Sanjari

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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“…computerized tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positive emission tomography) by potentially allowing continuous, repeatable bedside-monitoring as well economical, safety, logistical and radiation exposure benefits. 7–10 Despite these advantages, studies on TBI patients using contrast-enhanced NIRS have been limited and the utility of this technique in brain trauma care is still subject to investigation. This review aims to analyze the methods adopted so far to assess cerebral blood flow ( italicCBF) and blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity using contrast-enhanced NIRS with ICG on animals and humans; the limits of these assessments in TBI patients; the solutions proposed to overcome them; and to discuss how the use of contrast-enhanced NIRS could address some of the current clinical challenges in the care of TBI patients.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cerebral perfusion and blood–brain barrier assessment in brain trauma using contrast-enhanced near-infrared spectroscopy with indocyanine green: A review

Forcione

Chiarelli

Davies

et al. 2020

J Cereb Blood Flow Metab

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Contrast-enhanced near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) with indocyanine green (ICG) can be a valid non-invasive, continuous, bedside neuromonitoring tool. However, its usage in moderate and severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients can be unprecise due to their clinical status. This review is targeted at researchers and clinicians involved in the development and application of contrast-enhanced NIRS for the care of TBI patients and can be used to design future studies. This review describes the methods developed to monitor the brain perfusion and the blood–brain barrier integrity using the changes of diffuse reflectance during the ICG passage and the results on studies in animals and humans. The limitations in accuracy of these methods when applied on TBI patients and the proposed solutions to overcome them are discussed. Finally, the analysis of relative parameters is proposed as a valid alternative over absolute values to address some current clinical needs in brain trauma care. In conclusion, care should be taken in the translation of the optical signal into absolute physiological parameters of TBI patients, as their clinical status must be taken into consideration. Discussion on where and how future studies should be directed to effectively incorporate contrast-enhanced NIRS into brain trauma care is given.

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A decade of blood-brain barrier permeability assays: Revisiting old traumatic brain injury rat data for new insights and experimental design

Bolden

Olson

Cox

2023

Microvascular Research

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Assessing Blood Brain Barrier Permeability in Traumatic Brain Injury Research

Cited by 3 publications

References 51 publications

Carvacrol decreases blood–brain barrier permeability post-diffuse traumatic brain injury in rats

Carvacrol decreases blood–brain barrier permeability post-diffuse traumatic brain injury in rats

Cerebral perfusion and blood–brain barrier assessment in brain trauma using contrast-enhanced near-infrared spectroscopy with indocyanine green: A review

A decade of blood-brain barrier permeability assays: Revisiting old traumatic brain injury rat data for new insights and experimental design

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