Assessing and Treating Offenders with Mental Illness

Nicholls, Tonia L.; Butler, Amanda; Kendrick-Koch, Lindsey; Brink, Johann; Jones, Roland M.; Simpson, Alexander I. F.

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-00452-1_2

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…Cumulative evidence has demonstrated that incarceration is associated with substantial adverse health and socio-economic impacts not only for incarcerated people, but also for their families and communities [40][41][42]. In particular, after release from incarceration, there is a lack of support from the justice system for community re-integration [43,44]. Because of widespread discrimination, unstable housing, unemployment and poor family and social support [45,46], transitioning back into the community is extremely difficult, if not seemingly impossible [37].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk of overdose‐related death for people with a history of incarceration

et al. 2020

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Background and aims Reported associations between previous incarceration and the risk of overdose‐related death are substantially heterogeneous, and previous studies are limited by an inability to control for confounding factors in risk assessment. This study investigated the associations of overdose‐related death with previous incarceration and the number or cumulative duration of previous incarcerations, and individual or neighborhood characteristics that may potentially modify the associations. Design and setting A cohort study using a 20% random sample of residents in British Columbia, Canada. Participants A total of 765 690 people aged 23 years or older at baseline as of 1 January 2015. Mean age was 50 years; 49% were males. Measurements Previous incarcerations that occurred during the 5‐year exposure period (January 2010 to December 2014) were identified using provincial incarceration records. Overdose‐related deaths that occurred during the 3‐year follow‐up period (January 2015 to December 2017) were identified using linked administrative health data. Baseline individual and neighborhood characteristics were retrieved from the provincial health insurance data. Findings In the cohort, 5743 people had an incarceration history during the exposure period, and 634 people died from drug overdose during the follow‐up period. The mortality rate was 897 and 22 per 100 000 person‐years for people who did and did not have an incarceration history, respectively. After adjusting for baseline individual and neighborhood characteristics (without any interaction term), people who had an incarceration history were 4.04 times (95% confidence interval 3.23–5.06) more likely to die from drug overdose compared with people without an incarceration history. The association was stronger for females, people without diagnoses of substance use disorder and people without dispensation of opioids for pain or benzodiazepines (P < 0.001 for each interaction term). There was no discernible linear trend between the number or cumulative duration of previous incarcerations and the risk of overdose‐related death. Conclusions Previous incarceration appears to be a major risk factor for overdose‐related death.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk of overdose‐related death for people with a history of incarceration

et al. 2020

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“…49 Many people report that their mental health improves during a prison stay in Australia—prison offers a unique window of opportunity for assessment, intervention, and treatment for a highly socially marginalised population. 50 Unfortunately, health gains made ‘behind bars’ are often lost after release from prison 51 due, at least in part, to treatment interruption and inadequate transitional support. This is particularly true in Australia where the exclusion of people in prison from Medicare and the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) poses a barrier to continuity of care.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequent Attendance to the Emergency Department after Release from Prison: a Prospective Data Linkage Study

Butler

Love

Young

et al. 2019

J Behav Health Serv Res

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The aim of this paper was to identify characteristics and predictors of frequent emergency department (ED) use among people released from prisons in Queensland, Australia. Baseline interview data from a sample of sentenced adults were linked to ED and hospital records. The association between baseline characteristics and frequent ED attendance was modelled by fitting multivariate logistic regression models. Participants who had ≥ 4 visits to the ED in any 365-day period of community follow-up were defined as frequent attenders (FA). The analyses included 1307 people and mean follow-up time in the community was 1063 days. After adjusting for covariates, those with a dual diagnoses of mental illness and substance use (RR = 2.42, 95% CI 1.47-3.99) and those with mental illness alone (RR = 2.47, 95% CI 1.29-4.73) were at higher risk of frequent ED attendance, compared with those with no disorder. Future research should assess whether individually tailored transition supports from prison to community reduce the frequency of ED use among this population.

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“…From work in the UK ( 1 , 24 ), New Zealand ( 23 , 25 ), Canada ( 4 , 15 ), and Ireland ( 22 ) and building on the key elements of CHMS previously articulated, there emerged a consensus around the fundamental elements needed for service delivery in custody. We coined the acronym “STAIR” Model ( 1 , 26 ) to define these elements. STAIR stands for Screening, Triage, Assessment, Intervention, and Re-Integration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Review of Reviews of Correctional Mental Health Services Using the STAIR Framework

et al. 2022

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BackgroundRising demand for correctional mental health services (CMHS) in recent decades has been a global phenomenon. Despite increasing research, there are major gaps in understanding the best models for CMHS and how to measure their effectiveness, particularly studies that consider the overall care pathways and effectiveness of service responses. The STAIR (Screening, Triage, Assessment, Intervention, and Re-integration) model is an evidence-based framework that defines and measures CMHS as a clinical pathway with a series of measurable, and linked functions.MethodWe conducted a systematic review of the reviews of CMHS elements employing PRISMA guidelines, organized according to STAIR pillars. We assessed the quality of included studies using the AMSTAR-2 criteria. Narrative reviews were read and results synthesized.ResultsWe included 26 review articles of which 12 were systematic, metaanalyses, and 14 narrative reviews. Two systematic reviews and seven narrative reviews addressed screening and triage with strong evidence to support specific screening and triage systems. There was no evidence for standardised assessment approaches. Eight systematic reviews and seven narrative reviews addressed interventions providing some evidence to support specific psychosocial interventions. Three systematic reviews and six narrative reviews addressed reintegration themes finding relatively weak evidence to support reintegration methods, with interventions often being jurisdictionally specific and lacking generalizability.ConclusionsThe STAIR framework is a useful way to organize the extant literature. More research is needed on interventions, assessment systems, care pathway evaluations, and reintegration models.

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Assessing and Treating Offenders with Mental Illness

Cited by 9 publications

References 75 publications

Risk of overdose‐related death for people with a history of incarceration

Risk of overdose‐related death for people with a history of incarceration

Frequent Attendance to the Emergency Department after Release from Prison: a Prospective Data Linkage Study

A Systematic Review of Reviews of Correctional Mental Health Services Using the STAIR Framework

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