Iron stored in phytoferritin plays an important role in the germination and early growth of seedlings. The protein is located in the amyloplast where it stores large amounts of iron as a hydrated ferric oxide mineral core within its shell-like structure. The present work was undertaken to study alternate mechanisms of core formation in pea seed ferritin (PSF). The data reveal a new mechanism for mineral core formation in PSF involving the binding and oxidation of iron at the extension peptide (EP) located on the outer surface of the protein shell. This binding induces aggregation of the protein into large assemblies of ϳ400 monomers. The bound iron is gradually translocated to the mineral core during which time the protein dissociates back into its monomeric state. Either the oxidative addition of Fe 2؉ to the apoprotein to form Fe 3؉ or the direct addition of Fe 3؉ to apoPSF causes protein aggregation once the binding capacity of the 24 ferroxidase centers (48 Fe 3؉ /shell) is exceeded. When the EP is enzymatically deleted from PSF, aggregation is not observed, and the rate of iron oxidation is significantly reduced, demonstrating that the EP is a critical structural component for iron binding, oxidation, and protein aggregation. These data point to a functional role for the extension peptide as an iron binding and ferroxidase center that contributes to mineralization of the iron core. As the iron core grows larger, the new pathway becomes less important, and Fe 2؉ oxidation and deposition occurs directly on the surface of the iron core.The chemistry of iron and oxygen in a number of non-heme di-iron proteins has been a subject of intense interest because of their varied roles in oxygen activation and catalysis, substrate hydrolysis, oxygen transport, redox reactions, H 2 O 2 , and iron detoxification and iron storage. Di-iron centers have similar structural motifs consisting of a combination of carboxylate and histidine ligands that either bind or bridge the two metal ions of the di-nuclear active site; di-iron proteins containing these centers include methane monooxygenase, ribonucleotide reductase, rubrerythrin, stearoyl desaturase, purple acid phosphatase, hemerythrin, the Dps proteins, and ferritins (1-6). Despite their similar di-nuclear centers, each of these proteins fulfills a distinct biological role that seems to be mediated by the nature of the first and second coordination sphere of the di-iron center.Ferritins are a class of intracellular iron storage and detoxification proteins that facilitate the oxidation of iron by molecular oxygen or hydrogen peroxide to form a hydrous ferric oxide mineral core within their interiors (1-3). Rapid Fe 2ϩ oxidation occurs at the di-iron ferroxidase center located on the H-subunit of the mammalian protein. Unlike the H-chain, the more acidic L-subunit lacks the ferroxidase center but contains a putative nucleation site responsible for slower iron oxidation and mineralization (7). The shapes of both the H-and L-subunit are nearly cylindrical and composed of a four...