Assembly of the cell division protein FtsZ into ladder‐like structures in the aerial hyphae of <i>Streptomyces coelicolor</i>

Schwedock, Julie; McCormick, Joseph R.; Angert, Esther R.; Nodwell, Justin R.; Losick, Richard

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.1997.mmi507.x

Cited by 131 publications

(148 citation statements)

References 48 publications

(50 reference statements)

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“…Essential in other bacteria, FtsZ is dispensable in Streptomyces: an ftsZ mutant failed to form any septa, but grew surprisingly well, considering the whole colony presumably consisted of a single giant cell (86). But ftsZ mutants cannot sporulate, consistent with a role for FtsZ in forming ladder-like assemblies at positions where sporulation septa will occur (102). In other bacteria, FtsZ ring placement depends on exclusion from inappropriate sites, notably positions occupied by nucleoids, but this does not appear to be true for S. coelicolor sporulation, since developing septa are seen apparently closing in positions still occupied by DNA (Figure 8) (31,37).…”

Section: Chromosome Movement During Colony Growth and Developmentmentioning

confidence: 85%

Soil To Genomics: The Streptomyces Chromosome

2006

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The 8-9-Mb Streptomyces chromosome is linear, with a "core" containing essential genes and "arms" carrying conditionally adaptive genes that can sustain large deletions in the laboratory. Bidirectional chromosome replication from a central oriC is completed by "endpatching," primed from terminal proteins covalently bound to the free 5 -ends. Plasmid-mediated conjugation involves movement of double-stranded DNA by proteins resembling other bacterial motor proteins, probably via hyphal tip fusion, mediated by these transfer proteins. Circular plasmids probably transfer chromosomes by transient integration, but linear plasmids may lead the donor chromosome end-first into the recipient by noncovalent association of ends. Transfer of complete chromosomes may be the rule. The recipient mycelium is colonized by intramycelial spreading of plasmid copies, under the control of plasmid-borne "spread" genes. Chromosome partition into prespore compartments of the aerial mycelium is controlled in part by actin-and tubulin-like proteins, resembling MreB and FtsZ of other bacteria.

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Section: Chromosome Movement During Colony Growth and Developmentmentioning

confidence: 85%

Soil To Genomics: The Streptomyces Chromosome

2006

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“…During sporulation-specific cell division, FtsZ initially forms long filaments in the aerial hyphae, followed by localization in a focal pattern during the onset of cell division, and finally by Z-ring formation, visible as spectacular FtsZ ladders that are typical of streptomycetes ( Fig. 1; Schwedock et al 1997;Grantcharova et al 2005; Willemse and van Wezel 2009). Interestingly, SsgB also localizes to septum sites and forms the same ladderlike patterns as FtsZ, highlighting SsgB as a likely divisome component (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In turn, the temperospatial localization of SsgB is controlled by the paralogous SsgA, and the enhanced expression of SsgA alone suffices to activate the accumulation of SsgB, followed by Z-ring formation and active cell division. The evolution of a new way of Z-ring control again underlines that, in terms of cell division, streptomycetes are the odd ones out; in these organisms, cell division is dispensable for growth-with viable ftsQ-and ftsZ-null mutants (McCormick et al 1994;McCormick and Losick 1996)and multiple cell division occurs during sporulation, initiated by forming spectacular ladders of Z rings (Schwedock et al 1997). A model for the control of cell division during sporulation of Streptomyces is presented (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Positive control of cell division: FtsZ is recruited by SsgB during sporulation ofStreptomyces

Willemse¹,

Borst²,

Waal³

et al. 2011

Genes Dev.

171

201

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In bacteria that divide by binary fission, cell division starts with the polymerization of the tubulin homolog FtsZ at mid-cell to form a cell division scaffold (the Z ring), followed by recruitment of the other divisome components. The current view of bacterial cell division control starts from the principle of negative checkpoints that prevent incorrect Z-ring positioning. Here we provide evidence of positive control of cell division during sporulation of Streptomyces, via the direct recruitment of FtsZ by the membrane-associated divisome component SsgB. In vitro studies demonstrated that SsgB promotes the polymerization of FtsZ. The interactions are shown in vivo by time-lapse imaging and Fö rster resonance energy transfer and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FRET-FLIM), and are corroborated independently via two-hybrid studies. As determined by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), the turnover of FtsZ protofilaments increased strongly at the time of Z-ring formation. The surprising positive control of Z-ring formation by SsgB implies the evolution of an entirely new way of Z-ring control, which may be explained by the absence of a mid-cell reference point in the long multinucleoid hyphae. In turn, the localization of SsgB is mediated through the orthologous SsgA, and premature expression of the latter is sufficient to directly activate multiple Z-ring formation and hyperdivision at early stages of the Streptomyces cell cycle.

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“…73 Homologs of whiB have since been found in every actinomycete genome sequenced to date, 74 including non-sporulating organisms such as mycobacteria. M. tb and M. bovis contain seven whiB-like genes (whiB1 to whiB7).…”

Section: Correlation With Residual Virulence and Reactogenicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

BCG Vaccines: Their mechanisms of attenuation and impact on safety and protective efficacy

Liu

Tran²,

Leung³

et al. 2009

Human Vaccines

123

117

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by MDR strains that are also resistant to a fluoroquinolone and at least one second-line injectable agent (amikacin, kanamycin and/or capreomycin), caught the world's attention after an outbreak in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, where 52 of 53 infected patients died. 2 HIV co-infection was a contributing factor in most of these deaths, and indeed, a deadly association between HIV and TB has been known almost since the start of the HIV-epidemic. Of the 1.7 million people who died from TB in 2006, an estimated 200,000 were co-infected with HIV. 1 Because of these situations, effective approaches alternative to antibiotics are urgently needed for the control of TB.Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis), is currently the only available vaccine against TB. Since 1974, BCG vaccination has been included in the WHO Expanded Program on Immunization. 3 It is estimated that more than 3 billion individuals have been immunized with BCG and over 100 million doses of BCG are administered annually, making it the most widely used vaccine in humans. 3 Meta-analysis studies have confirmed that BCG protects children, providing >80% efficacy against severe forms of TB, including tuberculous meningitis and miliary TB. 4,5 In contrast, evidence for protection against pulmonary TB in adolescents and adults remains contentious as efficacy estimates from clinical trials, observational case control studies and contact studies range from 0 to 80%. 6,7 The reasons for the variable protective efficacy are unknown but several hypotheses have been proposed, including differences among the vaccine strains used in clinical studies, exposure of trial populations to environmental mycobacteria, nutritional or genetic differences in human populations, differences in trial methods, and variations among clinical M. tb strains. 8-13 These explanations are not mutually exclusive and all may contribute to the heterogeneity in vaccine efficacy.A key aspect of this issue may concern the nature of BCG attenuation. Although it is generally considered safe and has been used as a human vaccine since the 1920s, the mechanisms of BCG attenuation remain largely unknown. This is further complicated by the fact that BCG is not a single strain, but instead comprises a number of substrains that exhibit phenotypic and biochemical differences. 14 BCG strains also exhibit differences in residual virulence level. [15][16][17] However, side effects were often attributed to variations in the viability of vaccines during preparation procedures (e.g., freezedrying). 14 In other words, the observed differential virulence among Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) was developed as an attenuated live vaccine for tuberculosis control nearly a century ago. Despite being the most widely used vaccine in human history, the mechanisms of attenuation of BCG remain poorly understood. BCG is not a single organism, but comprises a number of substrains that differ in genotypes and phenotypes. The impacts of these differences on BCG...

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Assembly of the cell division protein FtsZ into ladder‐like structures in the aerial hyphae of Streptomyces coelicolor

Cited by 131 publications

References 48 publications

Soil To Genomics: The Streptomyces Chromosome

Soil To Genomics: The Streptomyces Chromosome

Positive control of cell division: FtsZ is recruited by SsgB during sporulation ofStreptomyces

BCG Vaccines: Their mechanisms of attenuation and impact on safety and protective efficacy

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