Asphaltene detection using surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)

Abstract

Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy using a gold substrate and excitation at 514 nm can detect sub parts per million quantities of asphaltene and thereby petroleum. This simple format and sensitivity make it transformative for applications including sample triage, flow assurance, environmental protection and analysis of unique one of a kind materials.

Raman investigation of the patina layers on Hungarian copper ingots from a fifteenth century shipwreck

“…The prominent broad band with maxima around 1320 and 1596 cm −1 shows similarity with that recorded for sample s7 (Fig. b) and corresponds with bands of crystalline carbon and the D and G bands of the trade pine tar observed in surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy and ascribed to the combination of CC stretching and CH bending modes of the asphaltenes . The presence of whewellite (CaC 2 O 4 · H 2 O) is concluded from the fact that among other oxalate phases, its reference spectrum coincides with that of the patina displaying bands attributed to the C‐C stretching (911 cm −1 ) and O‐C‐O bending (509 cm −1 ) modes, and with the superimposed sharp band of the C‐O stretching vibration at 1473 cm −1 .…”

“…2b) and corresponds with bands of crystalline carbon and the D and G bands of the trade pine tar observed in surfaceenhanced Raman spectroscopy and ascribed to the combination of CC stretching and CH bending modes of the asphaltenes. [29,30] The presence of whewellite (CaC 2 O 4 · H 2 O) is concluded from the fact that among other oxalate phases, its reference spectrum coincides with that of the patina displaying bands attributed to the C-C stretching (911 cm À1 ) and O-C-O bending (509 cm À1 ) modes, and with the superimposed sharp band of the C-O stretching vibration at 1473 cm À1 . The latter one is characteristic for oxalates, and depending on the cation, its position is observed around 1450-1490 cm À1 as discussed in detail by Frost.…”

Gram‐Scale Bottom‐Up Synthesis of Macrographene

“…Raman spectroscopy is considered as the best technique to investigate the structural defects of graphene materials. CAP showed peaks around 1367 and 1599 cm −1 (Figure ), which are typically observed in PAHs . The weak bands observed in the 2600–3000 cm −1 region in CAP can be attributed to C−H stretching vibrations.…”

“…The CAP was subjected to Scholl oxidation in 2:1 AlCl 3 ‐NaCl melt at 165 °C for 6 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with water and worked up to get MG in good yields (see supporting information (SI) for details of synthesis). We have applied a variety of techniques (FTIR, UV‐Vis, XPS, Raman, XRD, TEM and AFM) for characterization of the product, and the data obtained were compared with literature to confirm our assignment of the product as graphene sheets.…”

The application of surface enhanced Raman scattering to the detection of asphaltic petroleum in sediment extracts: deconvolving three component-mixtures using look-up tables of entire surface enhanced Raman spectra

“…Simply applied surface enhanced Raman scattering or SERS (simple in the sense that it is un-hyphenated) is known to detect low masses of pigments, 11 humic acid 12 and asphaltic petroleum 13 within the solvent extracts of sedimentary organic matter. This makes SERS a good method for situations where a high throughput is needed, low masses are expected or when a proximal analysis is required rather than specic molecular data.…”