“…19,26,59 A range of experimental techniques have been adopted to study the adsorption of asphaltenes onto several different substrates including silica, [60][61][62] [69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78] Using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D), asphaltene adsorption and film formation have been studied in real time. 51,60,61,64-66 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), 65,75 X-ray diffraction (XRD), 72,74,75 small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), 74 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) 71,72,74 and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) 73 have been applied to characterize the surface modification by asphaltene adsorption. It is however not straightforward to compare the results from different adsorption studies since asphaltene adsorption is a complex process affected by many aspects such as source of asphaltenes, type of solvents (quality and composition), moisture content of solvents, flow condition, temperature, etc.…”