Aspekte der Analogietheorie

Mayerthaler, Willi

doi:10.1515/9783110848847.80

Cited by 4 publications

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“…Some differences in markedness have been attributed to the nature of the physical body (Benor & Levy, 2006;Clark, 1973;Krzeszowski 1997;Mayerthaler, 1980). Because humans have eyes in their heads, look to the front, and stand upright, up, front and verticality are unmarked.…”

Section: Linguistic Explanationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abstract Concepts in Grounded Cognition

Lakens¹

2017

Preprint

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concepts in grounded cognitionAbstracte concepten in gegronde cognitie References 115 Summary in Dutch 133Curriculum Vitae 139 5 Introduction M orality, time, and valence are highly abstract concepts. Exactly how people are able to think and talk about abstract concepts is a question that has intrigued philosophers and scientists for centuries. In this thesis I focus on the question how people represent the meaning of abstract concepts, by investigating whether abstract concepts are understood through the use of metaphors. Metaphors allow people to think about abstract concepts in terms of concrete experiences. For example, the scales of Lady Justice are a metaphor for justice. People might not be able to see the future, but it can be represented as being ahead of us. Black knights in fairytales are usually evil, and the color of their armor is a metaphoric representation of the relation they have with the knights in shining armor. These and similar metaphors are not only used to intentionally communicate the meaning of abstract concepts, but these metaphoric representations also underlie abstract conceptual thought. How the meaning of abstract concepts is grounded in concrete experiences is the topic of this dissertation.Broadly speaking, two views exist on how abstract concepts are represented in our mind. On the one hand, amodal views share the common theme that people think in a purely symbolic language, where concepts 6 are represented as artificial symbols, and computational operations are performed upon these symbols during conceptual processing (Dennett, 1969;Fodor, 1975;Pylyshyn, 1984;Jackendoff, 2002). These artificial symbols are inherently non-perceptual; none of the original sensory or motor information from any modality (e.g., vision, touch, sound, smell, etc) which created these symbols is present when the final amodal symbols are used to represent concepts. On the other hand, several views on the representation of concepts have emerged over the last decennium which all share the idea that conceptual processing is perceptual in nature (e.g., Barsalou, 1999;Gallese & Lakoff, 2005;Glenberg & Kaschak, 2002;Jeannerod, 2001;Pulvermüller, 1999;Zwaan, 2004). According to these grounded approaches to cognition, conceptual thought consists of representations built on concrete sensorimotor information. For example, understanding the word 'kick' is assumed to depend at least in part on the activation of the muscles used to perform a kicking motion.As a result of the growing number of empirical studies that have investigated the role of sensorimotor activation in language comprehension, a consensus is emerging that sensorimotor areas in the brain are activated when people read words related to concrete concepts (Zwaan, 2009;Mahon & Caramazza, 2009;Vigliocco & Meteyard, 2008). For example, thinking about the color of a banana activates brain areas in the visual cortex (Simmons, Ramjee, Beauchamp, McRae, Martin, & Barsalou, 2007). Thinking about the color of a banana leads to remarkably similar pattern...

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Section: Linguistic Explanationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abstract Concepts in Grounded Cognition

Lakens¹

2017

Preprint

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“…Mayerthaler 1980). Durch eine entsprechende Regelordnung sind die korrekten neufranzösischen Formen ableitbar.…”

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Besprechungsaufsätze

1986

Zeitschrift Für Romanische Philologie (ZrP)

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0. Nachdem das Modell der generativen Phonologie auch zur Beschreibung diachronischer Entwicklungen herangezogen wurde, lag es nahe, es auch auf die Lautgeschichte der romanischen Sprachen anzuwendenvor allem das Französische dient als Beispiel -, die ein Paradigma von über 2 000 Jahren gut dokumentierter vielfältiger Entwicklungen darstellen. Der Stand der Forschung spiegelt sich in einer Reihe von im Abstand jeweils einiger Jahre erschienenen Monographien wider, die eine Synthese versuchen oder zumindest wesentliche Teile der Lautentwicklung behandeln. Aufgrund des stark flexivischen Charakters der Ausgangssprache Latein und der vor allem im Verbalbereich noch gut erhaltenen Flexion im Neufranzösischen finden vermehrt auch morphologische Gesichtspunkte Berücksichtigung (cf. 3 hier). Die wichtigsten Veröffentlichungen in diesem Zusammenhang sind Walker 1971, Klausenburger 1974, Herslund 1976, Klausenburger 1979 1981. Anhand des letztgenannten Werkes soll die dort entwickelte Konzeption vorgestellt und quasi systemimmanent kritisch geprüft werden, wobei die anderen eben zitierten Arbeiten, wenn es nützlich erscheint, gleichfalls herangezogen werden. Ferner sind die Erkenntnisse, die W. gewinnt, mit den in den Handbüchern der historischen französischen Grammatik enthaltenen Informationen und Erklärungen zu vergleichen.Die Vorstellung von W. 1981 erlaubt noch in einer weiteren Hinsicht einen Vergleich: Weite Abschnitte, so die Kapitel 3, 4 und 5 [= 23-104] entsprechen in wesentlichen Zügen den Kapiteln 2, 3 und 4 [= 14-140] von W. 1971, wobei auch zeilenweise aus der älteren Arbeit zitiert wird. Die Unterschiede zwischen beiden Arbeiten eröffnen jedoch dem aufmerksafrien Leser die reizvolle Möglichkeit, den Fortschritt in der Erforschuhg der Morphophonologie des Altfranzösischen in den zehn Jahren, di$ die beiden Veröffentlichungen von W. trennen, zu beurteilen.

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Theory, description and differences among linguists (or, what keeps linguistics from becoming a science)

Bailey¹

1981

Language & Communication

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Aspekte der Analogietheorie

Cited by 4 publications

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Abstract Concepts in Grounded Cognition

Abstract Concepts in Grounded Cognition

Besprechungsaufsätze

Theory, description and differences among linguists (or, what keeps linguistics from becoming a science)

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