Aspects of xenobiotics and their receptors in stroke

Abstract

Stroke is devastating and the second leading cause of disability and death worldwide. The pathophysiology of stroke is intricate involving oxidative stress, ionic imbalance, and excitotoxicity leading to cell death. The current therapeutic strategies for ischemic stroke primarily aim to restore cerebral blood flow by removing clots using intravenous thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy. However, hemorrhagic stroke requires different therapeutic interventions, where intravenous thrombolysis worsens the persistent condition. Nevertheless, the present treatment strategies do not provide effective neuroprotection as they have limitations such as narrow time window, specialized clinics and personnel, and higher expense. Therefore, studies on novel therapeutic strategies that can render neuroprotection over an extended time with minimum adverse effects are solicited. Xenobiotics are agents that are foreign to the biological system but can regulate their metabolism by binding to different xenobiotic receptors (XRs) to produce toxic substances. Modulation of XRs in different preclinical studies have shown benefits in the stroke outcome. Therefore, targeting XRs may be a future therapeutic strategy for stroke intervention. The present review briefly discusses various implications of xenobiotics and their receptors to evolve as a potential therapeutic target for prospective use as an adjunctive therapy for stroke.

Exploring the molecular characteristics, detoxification functions, and immune responses of two glutathione S-transferases in redlip mullet (Liza haematochelia)

“…Xenobiotic substances, such as medicines, plastics, detergents, and various other products, are beneficial to human life, but they can cause adverse effects after reaching toxic concentrations (Tijani et al, 2016). Once absorbed into the body, xenobiotics can undergo one or more of the following four distinct processes: elimination unchanged, retention unchanged, spontaneous chemical transformation, and enzymatic metabolism (Datta et al, 2022). Among these, enzymatic metabolism is the predominant mechanism for the elimination of most xenobiotics and is generally separated into three major reaction phases.…”