Aspects of Histocompatibility and Regeneration in the Solitary Reef Coral <i>Fungia scutaria</i>

Jokiel, Paul L.; Bigger, Charles H.

doi:10.2307/1542037

Cited by 25 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 18 publications

(24 reference statements)

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“…Interestingly, when the same allograft pairs were reset, the median reaction time was reduced to 12 d, implying immunological memory and specificity. The intensified reaction was marked by early hyperplasia and secretion of mucus at the tissue interfaces (Hildemann et al 1977).Similar results were later documented in a solitary reef coral, Fungia scutaria (Jokiel & Bigger 1994). Further work on self versus non-self recognition of the coral Pocillopora damicornis showed that juvenile corals of different genotypes fused, while adult branches of the same species (but again of different genotypes) did not fuse (Hidaka 1985).…”

supporting

confidence: 69%

Coral immunology and resistance to disease

Reed¹,

Muller²,

Woesik³

2010

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Scleractinian corals (phylum Cnidaria, class Anthozoa) have innate immunological responses against infections. Research has recently suggested that corals also possess an adaptivelike immunological repertoire that recognizes specific pathogens and allografts. While evolutionarily distinct, the corals' innate and adaptive-like immunity systems are not mutually exclusive because the phagocytic cells of the non-specific, innate immune system may activate specific adaptive immunological responses. Warming oceans may immunocompromise coral hosts, making them more susceptible to tropical marine diseases, independent of the virulence of the pathogen. The ability of corals to ward off both primary and opportunistic infections, through adaptive-like mechanisms, may play a critical role in the corals' ability to fight future disease infection. Here we show evidence that corals possess immunological repertoires that extend well beyond simple innate defenses. The extent to which corals have developed such an adaptive-like immune repertoire will determine whether corals will survive climate change and other anthropogenic disturbances.KEY WORDS: Coral · Anthozoan genome · Coral immunology · Holobiont · Coral amoebocytes · Symbionts · Compromised-host hypothesis · Acropora millepora Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 90: [85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92] 2010 brates contain only innate-immune defenses. The Hildemann group found that isografts (using the same colony) of the Hawaiian stony coral Montipora verrucosa were consistently compatible and fused within days of grafting, whereas allografts (from different colonies) resulted in soft-tissue death. Furthermore, the reaction time was accelerated by almost 50% when the same allograft pairs were reset. The authors summarized their results as showing 'both specificity in transplantation alloimmunity and extensive antigenic polymorphism among genetically separate M. verrucosa. ' (Hildemann et al. 1977). Moreover, researchers discovered that Vibrio shiloi, the bacteria that previously infected the stony coral Oculina patagonica in the eastern Mediterranean, is now lysed upon entering the coral tissue . How is such an expanded immunological repertoire possible for scleractinian corals?Metazoan invertebrates have evolved polymorphic histocompatibility mechanisms without the use of antibodies. For example, the innate-immune response of a freshwater hydrozoan polyp was found to be mediated by unconventional toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling (Bosch et al. 2009). Additionally, genetic studies of a marine hydrozoan, Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus, revealed an invertebrate histocompatibility complex. Tools are now at hand to isolate homologs of higher chordate immune system molecules and identify invertebrate allorecognition determinants (Mokady & Buss 1996, Cadavid et al. 2004, Dishaw & Litman 2009). This type of genetic approach has not yet been fully applied to reef corals.Conventional wisdom suggests that scleractini...

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supporting

confidence: 69%

Coral immunology and resistance to disease

Reed¹,

Muller²,

Woesik³

2010

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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“…Corals accept isogenic (intracolony) grafts through complete fusion of tissue and skeleton , 1977a, Raison et al 1976, Bak & Criens 1982, Neigel & Avise 1983, Jokiel & Bigger 1994), but reject allogenic (intraspecies) and xenogenic (interspecies) grafts through cytotoxic interaction and necrosis (Theodor 1970, 1977a,b, 1980a,b, Raison et al 1976, Johnston et al 1981, Jokiel & Bigger 1994). This aggression is accelerated for repeat grafts, indicating the presence of specific induced alloimmune memory (Theodor 1970, Raison et al 1976, Hildemann et al 1977a, 1980a,b, Johnston et al 1981, an immune response generally reserved for vertebrates.…”

Section: Coral Cellular Defensesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disease and immunity in Caribbean and Indo-Pacific zooxanthellate corals

Sutherland¹,

Porter²,

Torres³

2004

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

495

509

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Since the mid-1990s, coral diseases have increased in number, species affected, and geographic extent. To date, 18 coral diseases, affecting at least 150 scleractinian, gorgonian, and hydrozoan zooxanthellate species, have been described from the Caribbean and the Indo-Pacific. These diseases are associated with pathogens including bacteria, cyanobacteria, fungi, and protists and with abiotic stressors including elevated seawater temperature, sedimentation, eutrophication, and pollution. Etiologies of only 5 of the 18 coral diseases have been determined through fulfillment of Koch's postulates. Corals and other invertebrates utilize innate immune mechanisms including physiochemical barriers and cellular and humoral defenses against pathogens. Here we review the described coral diseases, known etiologies, and efforts to determine unknown etiologies. We define disease terms, discuss the limitations of Koch's postulates, describe alternative techniques for identifying disease-causing organisms, and review coral immunology.

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“…The existence of an allorecognition system is welldocumented in adult coral species: genetically identical grafts (autografts) fuse, whereas genetically different grafts (allografts and xenografts) rarely fuse and show various histoincompatible responses (Chornesky 1991, Chadwick-Furman & Rinkevich 1994, Jokiel & Bigger 1994, Frank et al 1996.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic relationship and maturity state of the allorecognition system affect contact reactions in juvenile Seriatopora corals

Nozawa¹,

Loya

2005

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Adult stony corals are characterized by a well-developed allorecognition system. In most cases, genetically identical coral grafts fuse, whereas genetically different grafts (allografts and xenografts) show various histoincompatible responses. Very little is known, however, about the allorecognition system in juvenile corals. We studied contact reactions of juvenile pairs in 2 scleractinian coral species: Seriatopora caliendrum and S. hystrix (0 to 59 d after settlement). Juvenile colonies were experimentally grafted in combination groups of various genetic distances: sibling allografts of S. hystrix (4 pairs), non sibling allografts of S. caliendrum (12 pairs), non sibling allografts of S. hystrix (16 pairs) and xenografts of the 2 species (26 pairs). Three tissue contact reactions were detected in all of the genetic combination groups: nonfusion, fusion and incompatible fusion. The transition in contact reaction patterns was recorded over a 1 yr period. Contact reactions and their duration were largely consistent among pair replicates of each combination and within each of the 4 genetic combination groups. We suggest that in juvenile Seriatopora corals, the genetic combination of each graft is a primary determinant of the contact reaction and its endurance. Maturity state of the allorecognition system, affects both onset and duration of the fusion and incompatible fusion reactions in the juvenile corals. Onset of the fusion reaction was observed only when grafted colonies were younger than 4 mo. Throughout the experimental period, most fusion reactions transformed into histoincompatible reactions or disconnection and virtually none of the allografts or xenografts maintained stable chimeras. We suggest that as the alloimmune system matures, incompatible fusion reactions eventually transform into nonfusion or disconnection via tissue necrosis of the contact zone.

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Aspects of Histocompatibility and Regeneration in the Solitary Reef Coral Fungia scutaria

Cited by 25 publications

References 18 publications

Coral immunology and resistance to disease

Coral immunology and resistance to disease

Disease and immunity in Caribbean and Indo-Pacific zooxanthellate corals

Genetic relationship and maturity state of the allorecognition system affect contact reactions in juvenile Seriatopora corals

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