Aspects of design and the characterization of a high resolution heterodyne displacement interferometer

Weichert, Christoph; Flügge, Jens; Köning, Rainer; Bosse, Harald; Tutsch, Rainer

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-03051-2_44

Cited by 5 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…In the past ten years, a major focus has been in the reduction of non-linearities in the readout as shown by Weichert et al and Pisani et al 32,75,76 . These devices are based off a single, frequency stabilised laser that is locked to a hyperfine structure line in Iodine.…”

Section: Polarization Based Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contributed Review: A review of compact interferometers

Watchi

Cooper

Ding

et al. 2018

Review of Scientific Instruments

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Compact interferometers, called phasemeters, make it possible to operate over a large range while ensuring a high resolution. Such performance is required for the stabilization of large instruments dedicated to experimental physics such as gravitational wave detectors. This paper aims at presenting the working principle of the different types of phasemeters developed in the literature. These devices can be classified into two categories: homodyne and heterodyne interferometers. Improvement of resolution and accuracy has been studied for both devices. Resolution is related to the noise sources that are added to the signal. Accuracy corresponds to distortion of the phase measured with respect to the real phase, called non-linearity. The solutions proposed to improve the device resolution and accuracy are discussed based on a comparison of the reached resolutions and of the residual non-linearities.

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Section: Polarization Based Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contributed Review: A review of compact interferometers

Watchi

Cooper

Ding

et al. 2018

Review of Scientific Instruments

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“…Instead of the optics, a NPBS was used to realize the interference. With the Mach-Zehnder setup, a phase variation of less than ±5 pm over 50 h was demonstrated [11].…”

Section: Evaluation Of the Optical Interferometermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The half-wave plates were used to orientate the desired polarization mode of the fibres' output with respect to the axis of the polarization beam splitter of the interferometer, while the polarizing prisms rejected the other polarization state of the beam excited by mechanically introduced stress along the optical fibres. A misalignment of these polarizers would have resulted in variations of the measured phase, due to the imperfections in the beam splitters and different phase variations of the two guided modes of the optical fibre [11]. The mechanical stress along the fibres also leads to different variations of the phase values of the two incoming beams.…”

Section: Interferometer Setupmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The effects of ghost reflections were minimized by slightly tilting every 0957-0233/12/094005+07$33.00 1 © 2012 IOP Publishing Ltd Printed in the UK & the USA optical component so that it was very slightly off-axis and applying a quarter-wave plate and a polarizer in front of the detectors. The performance of our novel phasemeter, based on an analogue to digital converter (ADC) board with embedded field programmable gate array (FPGA) units and memory, and the interferometer setup were tested piece by piece with a two-channel function generator, with a Mach-Zehnder setup [11] and reflecting all interferometer beams by a common mirror [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A heterodyne interferometer with periodic nonlinearities smaller than ±10 pm

Weichert

Köchert

Köning

et al. 2012

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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The PTB developed a new optical heterodyne interferometer in the context of the European joint research project ‘Nanotrace’. A new optical concept using plane-parallel plates and spatially separated input beams to minimize the periodic nonlinearities was realized. Furthermore, the interferometer has the resolution of a double-path interferometer, compensates for possible angle variations between the mirrors and the interferometer optics and offers a minimal path difference between the reference and the measurement arm. Additionally, a new heterodyne phase evaluation based on an analogue to digital converter board with embedded field programmable gate arrays was developed, providing a high-resolving capability in the single-digit picometre range. The nonlinearities were characterized by a comparison with an x-ray interferometer, over a measurement range of 2.2 periods of the optical interferometer. Assuming an error-free x-ray interferometer, the nonlinearities are considered to be the deviation of the measured displacement from a best-fit line. For the proposed interferometer, nonlinearities smaller than ±10 pm were observed without any quadrature fringe correction.

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“…Polarisation maintaining (PM) fibres were used and a polarizer was placed behind the collimators to suppress the influence of light scattered into the fast axis of the polarizationmaintaining fibres. This scattered light can cause phase variations because the splitting ratio of the following nonpolarizing beam splitter slightly depends on the polarisation state and a polarization jitter implies variations of the phase difference between the linear (vertical and horizontal) polarization components of the input beams [16,17]. To avoid frequency mixing errors, two fibres were used.…”

Section: The Design Of the Displacement Interferometermentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation into the limitations of straightness interferometers using a multisensor-based error separation method

Weichert

Köchert

Schötka

et al. 2018

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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The uncertainty of a straightness interferometer is independent of the component used to introduce the divergence angle between the two probing beams, and is limited by three main error sources, which are linked to each other: their resolution, the influence of refractive index gradients and the topography of the straightness reflector. To identify the configuration with minimal uncertainties under laboratory conditions, a fully fibre-coupled heterodyne interferometer was successively equipped with three different wedge prisms, resulting in three different divergence angles (4°, 8° and 20°). To separate the error sources an independent reference with a smaller reproducibility is needed. Therefore, the straightness measurement capability of the Nanometer Comparator, based on a multisensor error separation method, was improved to provide measurements with a reproducibility of 0.2 nm. The comparison results revealed that the influence of the refractive index gradients of air did not increase with interspaces between the probing beams of more than 11.3 mm. Therefore, over a movement range of 220 mm, the lowest uncertainty was achieved with the largest divergence angle. The dominant uncertainty contribution arose from the mirror topography, which was additionally determined with a Fizeau interferometer. The measured topography agreed within ±1.3 nm with the systematic deviations revealed in the straightness comparison, resulting in an uncertainty contribution of 2.6 nm for the straightness interferometer.

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Aspects of design and the characterization of a high resolution heterodyne displacement interferometer

Cited by 5 publications

References 7 publications

Contributed Review: A review of compact interferometers

Contributed Review: A review of compact interferometers

A heterodyne interferometer with periodic nonlinearities smaller than ±10 pm

Investigation into the limitations of straightness interferometers using a multisensor-based error separation method

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