Aspects of Clinical Relevance in Donkeys

Mendoza, Francisco J.; Toribio, Ramiro E.; Pérez-Écija, Alejandro

doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-44329-6.15001-6

Cited by 4 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 142 publications

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“…Although metabolic and endocrine disturbances, such as pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID), insulin dysregulation, metabolic syndrome and dyslipidaemias, are common in donkeys , epidemiological and clinical information concerning these diseases are scarce in this species. This lack of species‐specific studies constrains clinicians to extrapolate data previously reported for horses or make proper interpretation of results.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of dynamic testing for pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction diagnosis in donkeys

Mejia‐Pereira¹,

Pérez-Écija

Buchanan³

et al. 2018

Equine Veterinary Journal

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Summary Background Endocrine disorders are common in donkeys. Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) is thought to be a frequent disturbance in donkeys due to their longevity. However, information on PPID dynamic testing in donkeys is lacking. Objectives The objective of this study was to evaluate the previously described guidelines for PPID diagnosis in horses in donkeys with suspicion of PPID. Study design Prospective experimental study. Methods Eighty donkeys were evaluated for PPID suspicion based on clinical signs and baseline adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) concentrations. Six mix‐breed donkeys (one jack and five non‐pregnant jennies) fulfilling inclusion criteria were subjected to dexamethasone suppression test (DST), thyrotropin‐releasing hormone stimulation test (TRH) and combined DST–TRH challenge. Tests were interpreted according to guidelines for PPID diagnosis in horses. Results Donkeys fulfilling inclusion criteria were diagnosed with PPID by TRH stimulation test (six of six). Both DST (three of six) and DST–TRH (4/6) challenges failed to detect those animals and showed conflicting results. Similarly, cortisol basal concentrations were not consistent with PPID suspicion. Main limitations Characterisation of seasonal and geographical location effect on baseline ACTH concentrations and response to TRH is compelling in this species. Further studies with a larger number of donkeys are needed. Conclusions This is the first study in donkeys to evaluate common dynamic tests used for PPID diagnosis in horses. Preliminary results agree with the guidelines for PPID diagnosis in horses and baseline ACTH measurement followed by TRH challenge are recommended tests for diagnosis of PPID in donkeys.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PPID is considered a frequent neuroendocrine disorder in geriatric donkeys, partially due to their longevity . In horses, this disturbance is more frequent in older animals .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of dynamic testing for pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction diagnosis in donkeys

Mejia‐Pereira¹,

Pérez-Écija

Buchanan³

et al. 2018

Equine Veterinary Journal

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“…Pharmacologic treatments described for horses, for example, metformin, have not been critically evaluated in donkeys [17,28] are discussed controversially [16].…”

Section: Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Donkeys have a much better feed conversion ratio than horses: a donkey requires only 57–67% of the digestible energy the pony needs compared to ponies of the same size, another point leading donkeys to be considered as typical easy keepers [ 15 , 16 , 17 ]. As fat distribution and neck morphology in donkeys differs from that in horses, a donkey-specific body condition score (BCS), and neck scoring system were developed (see Table 1 and Table 2 ).…”

Section: Asinine Metabolic Syndromementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Insulin concentrations in obese donkeys are often high, suggesting insulin dysregulation. Hyperinsulinemia in horses has previously been identified as the most probable cause of endocrinopathic laminitis [ 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ], but hyperinsulinemia has not yet been identified as the direct cause of asinine endocrinopathic laminitis [ 17 ]. However, one study suggested that insulin concentrations higher than 20 µIU/mL were associated with laminitis in donkeys [ 36 ].…”

Section: Asinine Metabolic Syndromementioning

confidence: 99%

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Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction and Metabolic Syndrome in Donkeys

Gehlen

Schwarz²,

Bartmann

et al. 2020

Animals

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Appropriate medical care for donkeys is challenging despite being important working animals in non-industrialized countries and pets in first world countries. Although the same principles of diagnosis and therapy as in horses are commonly applied, there are differences in reference values and physiologic reaction to dynamic tests. However, donkeys seem to suffer from typical equine diseases, such as metabolic syndrome and pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID). Asinine metabolic syndrome (AMS) comprises obesity, insulin dysregulation, and laminitis. The principles of diagnosis are similar to horses. Donkey-specific reference ranges for insulin and glucose have been evaluated previously. Examinations regarding dynamic testing revealed differences in the intravenous glucose tolerance test and the combined insulin tolerance test compared to horses. The therapy of AMS is based mainly on weight loss and exercise. There are conflicting data regarding the incidence of PPID in donkeys. Laminitis and hypertrichosis were described as the main clinical signs. Species-specific and seasonal reference ranges were defined to diagnose PPID in donkeys. Furthermore, the dexamethasone suppression test, the thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) test and the combined dexamethasone suppression/TRH test were evaluated. Pergolide is commonly recommended for treatment.

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Cardiovascular Particularities in Pega Breed Donkeys (Equus asinus)

Aleixo

Oliveira

Ferreira

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Clinical, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic parameters in Pega donkeys are scarce in literature, hence this study was performed to evaluate the effect of sex and age on echocardiographic and electrocardiographic measurements in the Pega breed donkeys. The objectives of this study were to describe and illustrate the clinical, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic parameters in Pega donkeys. Fifty Pega breed donkeys were evaluated, with an average age of 3.4 years, 20 males and 30 females. Based on their age (younger or older than 6 years), animals were separated into two groups. In each animal the electrocardiographic examination was performed using the TEB® computerized system and the echocardiographic examination was performed using an ultrasound device with a doppler function multifrequency sectorial transducer, in 2D mode. Male echocardiographic measurements were significantly higher than females, except the velocity and pressure gradient of the pulmonary flow, where females had higher values than males. For the electrocardiographic parameters, females presented values of P wave amplitude, R wave amplitude, S wave amplitude and T wave amplitude higher than those found in males. Males had higher values for P wave duration, QRS complex and RR interval. Standardizing the electrocardiographic and echocardiographic parameters for the Pega breed donkey can contribute to future assessments regarding possible changes that excessive effort can promote in these parameters, to a management engrossed on animal welfare. Furthermore, as well as in other species, gender in donkeys should be considered as a factor that influences echocardiographic and electrocardiographic parameters.

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Aspects of Clinical Relevance in Donkeys

Cited by 4 publications

References 142 publications

Evaluation of dynamic testing for pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction diagnosis in donkeys

Evaluation of dynamic testing for pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction diagnosis in donkeys

Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction and Metabolic Syndrome in Donkeys

Cardiovascular Particularities in Pega Breed Donkeys (Equus asinus)

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