Aspects of Cadmium Neurotoxicity

Carageorgiou, Haris; Katramadou, Myrto

doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-9663-3_33

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 283 publications

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“…Cadmium-induced brain dysfunction was indicated by the disruption of metal ion homeostasis, reduction of the total brain antioxidant status, inhibition of oxidative DNA repair systems, alteration in signal transduction pathway, and stimulation in the production of ROS [10]. Biochemical mechanism was reflected by disturbances of the cellular antioxidant system, generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, changes in energy production in the metabolic pathways, changes in the metabolism of biogenic amines, neurotransmitter amino acids and calcium ions, and inhibition of enzymatic proteins [11].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Cadmium Exposure on the Histopathology of Cerebral Cortex in Juvenile Mice

Yang

Fan

et al. 2015

Biol Trace Elem Res

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Cadmium, a heavy metal, is a toxic environmental and industrial pollutant. Exposure to cadmium can lead to the toxic effects in a variety of tissues, also including the brain. The present study investigated the effect of cadmium exposure on the histopathology of cerebral cortex in juvenile mice. Juvenile mice were randomly divided into control, low (1.87 mg/kg), medium (3.74 mg/kg), and high (7.48 mg/kg) dose groups. After cadmium exposure by drinking water for 10 days, the cerebral cortex was obtained for histopathology studies. The medium and high dose of cadmium, rather than low dose, could induce the histopathology alterations of cerebral cortex in a dose-dependent manner. In the high-dose group, microstructure significantly showed pia mater encephali divorcing from cerebral cortex layer, serious hyperemia of blood capillary in pia mater encephali and cerebral cortex, broadening vessel peripheral clearance, a large number of eosinophil leukocyte infiltrating around blood vessel, vacuolar degeneration in part granule cells, and obviously increasing apoptotic cells. Ultrastructure obviously displayed marginalized heterochromatin, incomplete or fused nuclear membranes, broadened perinuclear space, ambiguous mitochondria cristae, decreased synaptic cleft, and fused presynaptic and postsynaptic membrane. Our results revealed that cadmium at the middle and high dose could induce obvious microstructure and ultrastructure alterations of cerebral cortex in juvenile mice, which may be one important mechanism of cadmium neurotoxicity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It also indicated that cadmium was an etiological factor of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinsonism and Alzheimer [8,9]. Although some mechanisms of cadmium neurotoxicity have been reviewed [2,10,11], it still remains incompletely understood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Cadmium Exposure on the Histopathology of Cerebral Cortex in Juvenile Mice

Yang

Fan

et al. 2015

Biol Trace Elem Res

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Cadmium Neurotoxicity to a Freshwater Planarian

Lee

2014

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol

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Although freshwater planarians are evolutionarily primitive, they are some of the simplest bilateral animals possessing integrated neural networks similar to those in vertebrates. We attempted to develop planarian Dugesia japonica as a model for investigating the neurotoxicity of environmental pollutants such as cadmium (Cd). This study was therefore designed to study the effects of Cd on the locomotor activity, neurobehavior, and neurological enzymes of D. japonica. After planarians were exposed to Cd at high concentrations, altered neurobehavior was observed that exhibited concentration-dependent patterns. Morphological alterations in Cd-treated planarians included irregular shape, body elongation, screw-like hyperkinesia, and bridge-like position. To study the direct effects of Cd on neurological enzymes, tissue homogenates of planarians were incubated in vitro with Cd before their activity was measured. Results showed that acetylcholinesterase (AChE), adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), and monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) activities were inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner. MAO-B activity was significantly induced by Cd at low concentrations and inhibited at high concentrations. Changes in the in vivo activity of AChE and ATPase were also found after planarians were treated with Cd at a sublethal concentration (5.56 μM). These observations indicate that neurotransmission systems in planarians are disturbed after Cd exposure.

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Microstructure and Ultrastructure Alterations in the Pallium of Immature Mice Exposed to Cadmium

Yang

Han

Liu

et al. 2016

Biol Trace Elem Res

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The aim of this study was to investigate microstructure and ultrastructure alterations in the pallium of immature mice exposed to cadmium. Forty immature mice were randomly divided into control, 1/100 LD (1.87 mg/kg, low), 1/50 LD (3.74 mg/kg, medium), and 1/25 LD (7.48 mg/kg, high) dose groups. After oral cadmium exposure for 40 days, the pallium of mice was obtained for microstructure and ultrastructure studies. The results showed that both microstructure and ultrastructure alterations of the pallium were observed in all treated mice and the most obvious alterations were in the high dose group. Microstructural analysis showed seriously congested capillary in the pia mater of the pallium in the high cadmium group. Meanwhile, vacuolar degenerate or karyopyknosis presented in some neurocytes, capillary quantity, and the number of apoptotic cells increased, some neurocytes became hypertrophy, the pia mater separated from the cortex, and local hemorrhage and accompanied inflammatory cell infiltration were also observed. Ultrastructural analysis showed that rough endoplasmic reticulum was expanded, heterochromatin marginalized, perinuclear space distinctly broadened, swelling and vacuolization mitochondria appeared, synapse was swelling, presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes presented fusion, and most of mitochondrial cristae were ambiguous. The results indicated that cadmium exposure for 40 days induced dose-dependent microstructure and ultrastructure alterations in pallium of immature mice.

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Aspects of Cadmium Neurotoxicity

Cited by 5 publications

References 283 publications

Effect of Cadmium Exposure on the Histopathology of Cerebral Cortex in Juvenile Mice

Effect of Cadmium Exposure on the Histopathology of Cerebral Cortex in Juvenile Mice

Cadmium Neurotoxicity to a Freshwater Planarian

Microstructure and Ultrastructure Alterations in the Pallium of Immature Mice Exposed to Cadmium

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