Aspectos da transmissão focal de malária na Ilha de São Luis, Maranhão

Santi²,

Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet.

et al. 2015

The states that make up the Legal Amazon Region, which include the state of Maranhão, account for 99% of registered cases of human malaria in Brazil. It is also believed that transmission of malaria from nonhuman primates (NHP) to humans occurs in this region, because of current reports of seroepidemiological results from samples from humans and NHP coexisting in the same areas. This study aimed to make morphological, serological and molecular diagnoses of Plasmodium spp. in neotropical primates on the island of São Luís, state of Maranhão, Brazil. The diagnostic techniques used were optical microscopy, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). From June 2009 to April 2010, 70 NHP were sampled: 50 at the Wild Animal Screening Center (CETAS), located in the municipality of São Luís and 20 free-living individuals that were caught in a private reserve located in the municipality of São Jose de Ribamar, state of Maranhão. Under an optical microscope, 140 slides (two from each animal) were evaluated and five animals (7.1%) were found to be positive. IFA did not detect anti-Plasmodium spp. From PCR on the 70 animals sampled, amplified Plasmodium spp. products were observed in 13 samples, of which eight (61.5%) were from free-living animals and five (38.5%) were from animals at CETAS.

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Inside the Guarapiranga village, there are two lakes, and Sítio Aguahy includes mangrove area, and an artificial pound, which serve as breeding grounds for many species of Anopheles. Also, the type of housing, open buildings without doors or windows, favor the free movement of the mosquito vector (SILVA et al, 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural Plasmodium infection in neotropical primates in the island of São Luís, state of Maranhão, Brazil

Santi²,

Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet.

et al. 2015

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

“…Plasmodium vivax malaria, predominant in the State of Maranhão, is commonly considered a benign condition 13,14 . However, clear signs of severity have been observed, and in some cases hospitalization is required due to medical complications, such as those that occurred in the 13 cases in this study.…”

Section: Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 46(1):67-72 Jan-feb 2013mentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasmodium vivax malaria: related factors to severity in the State of Maranhão, Brazil

Raposo

Santos

Santos³

et al. 2013

Self Cite

Introduction: Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax species has shown signs of severity, recorded with increasing frequency in the medical literature. This study aimed to characterize the signs of severe malaria by Plasmodium vivax in the State of Maranhão, Brazil. Methods: A descriptive cohort study of patients assisted in the field and a historical and concurrent study of a series of cases among hospitalized patients were undertaken to identify the clinical and laboratory signs of severity. Results: A total of 153 patients were included in the study, 13 of whom were hospitalized. Males made up the majority, numbering 103 (67.3%). The age of the patients ranged from 10 to 70 years, 92.2% were natives of the State of Maranhão, and 65% of the patients had had malaria before. The average time elapsed between symptom onset and diagnosis among outpatients was three days, while among hospitalized patients this average reached 15.5 days, a statistically significant difference (p=0.001). The parasitemia ranged from 500 to 10,000 parasites/µl in 92.8% of cases. The clinical and laboratory manifestations of severity were vomiting and diarrhea, jaundice, drowsiness, mental confusion, seizures, loss of consciousness, agitation, bleeding, pale skin, coughing and dyspnea, thrombocytopenia, anemia, elevation of nitrogenous compounds, and elevated transaminases and bilirubin. Conclusions: The monitoring of malaria patients with Plasmodium vivax showed the possibility of aggravation, the intensity of which varied in different circumstances, especially the interval time between falling ill and diagnostic confirmation.

“…In the Legal Amazon Region, 106 of a total of 594 municipalities are characterized as being high-risk areas for malaria. The dynamics of transmission vary with the involvement of several factors, including human and vector groupings [12]. For example, the risk of infection is lower within Amazonian capitals than in the outskirts of these cities, such as in the periphery of Manaus and Porto Velho, where significant transmission can occur [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduction of incidence and relapse or recrudescence cases of malaria in the western region of the Brazilian Amazon

Vieira

Gim

Zaqueo

et al. 2014

J Infect Dev Ctries

Introduction: Malaria is one of the major parasitic diseases in the State of Rondônia, located in the western Brazilian Amazon. The basic treatment scheme for this disease is chloroquine and primaquine. This study evaluated the epidemiological profile of malaria in Rondônia between 2008 and 2012. Methodology: The epidemiological data were provided by the Health Surveillance Agency from the State of Rondônia, and socioeconomic indicators were obtained from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, Department of Informatics of the Unified Health System, and from the National Institute for Space Research. The analyzed variables included year of diagnosis, gender, age group, main activity performed in the 15 days previous to the diagnosis, parasite species, level of parasitemia, number of relapse/recrudescence cases, and socioeconomic and environmental data for Rondônia. Results: A total of 238,626 cases of malaria were recorded in Rondônia during the study period. Of this total, 65.6% were men and the most prevalent age group was 20-39 years. Plasmodium vivax was the most common parasite (89.8%), followed by Plasmodium falciparum (9.4%). An average of 30.9% of the individuals who were tested presented with relapse/recrudescence malaria. The API value was highest in 2008 and lowest in 2012, corresponding to 42.3 cases and 19.2 cases per 1,000 inhabitants, respectively. Conclusions: A 58% reduction in the number of malaria cases and a 36.2% reduction in the number of relapse/recrudescence malaria cases were observed, due to increases in the economy, improvements in the health system, and reduction of deforestation in this region.