“…The impairments of gamma and theta-gamma oscillations induced by lactate might result from diverse effects such as (1) attenuation of intrinsic neuronal excitability, (2) reduced neurotransmitter release, and (3) altered activation of postsynaptic glutamatergic and GABAergic receptors. These effects might be mediated by ( 4) local shortage of ATP by drop out of glycolysis and limitations in transport, conversion and oxidation of lactate (Dienel, 2019;Lucas et al, 2018;Lujan et al, 2016), ( 5) increased production of NO by the Ca 2+ -sensitive neuronal NO synthase partially inhibiting mitochondrial respiration (Azoulay et al, 2022;Brown, 2010;Hardingham et al, 2013;Kovács et al, 2009), (6) intracellular acidification by ATP hydrolysis and the H + -coupled neuronal MCT2 (Azoulay et al, 2022;Halestrap, 2013;Pesi et al, 2020;Xiang & Bergold, 2000), (7) shift in the cytosolic NAD + /NADH ratio (Bak & Schousboe, 2017;Hung et al, 2011;Ivanov et al, 2011), ( 8) activation of the HCAR1 by lactate (Bozzo et al, 2013;Briquet et al, 2022;Gilbert et al, 2006), and/ or (9) activation of purinergic (P2X) and adenosine (A1) receptors by extracellular ATP and adenosine (Cunha, 2016;Illes et al, 2019;Schulz et al, 2012;Serrano et al, 2006). The precise subcellular mechanisms underlying impairments of gamma oscillations are widely unknown, however, and require further morphological, biochemical, electrophysiological and imaging studies.…”