“…Yamada (2016) and Ulla and Winitkun (2018) noted that the regional courses are spearheaded by intergovernmental organisations and civil society organisations in terms of implementation, consultation and sponsorships. Unlike nationallevel in-service training, which focuses on the nation's geopolitical situations (Gunel & Tanriverdi, 2014;Jamil et al, 2011), the regional course focuses on collective learning and intra-group dynamics by identifying communalities in the sub-region (Yamada, 2016). The significance of establishing communalities in a region was fairly acknowledged, and as a result, intergovernmental institutions were regarded as implementation agencies for regional courses, mandated through multilateralism treaties (Devadason, 2017;Habana, 1993;Limcaco, 1988) and all activities will foster policy informs (i.e., Fughlister, 2012).…”