“…In Germany, beginning in 2020 “China” was frequently used in racist media narratives related to the virus (korientation, 2021a; Xiao, 2022); such narratives of China have existed since the German colonial regime of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century in the Asia-Pacific region (Leutner, 2022). In European countries such as Italy, the UK, the Netherlands, and France, the association of the virus with China also sparked increasing hostility and racist attacks against people who are perceived as “East Asian” or “Southeast Asian” (Broekroelofs and Poerwoatmodjo, 2021; Miyake, 2021; Wang and Madrisotti, 2021; Wang et al, 2022; White, 2021). The increase of anti-Asian racism in Germany was, at the level of discourse, specifically directed towards Chinese migrants (Zhou, 2022).…”