Ash Behaviour during Combustion of Agropellets Produced by an Agro-Industry—Part 2: Chemical Characterization of Sintering and Deposition

Royo, Javier; Canalís, Paula; Zapata, S.; Gómez, Maider; Bartolomé, Carmen

doi:10.3390/en15041499

Cited by 7 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…For these fuels, the sintering degree was lower (see Table ). As already verified in the tests carried out in the reactor and in other similar experiences, there is an inverse relationship between both values, due to sintering preventing entrainment, which, in turn, decreases inertial impact deposition. On the other hand, in the boiler test carried out with fuels of WSP family, the contribution of DR Cond.…”

Section: Experimental Test In a Commercial Grate Fired Boilersupporting

confidence: 74%

“…Regarding ash composition, the analysis of the results confirmed that neither the composition of fraction S1 or fraction S2/3 was related to λ, even in the WP100 in which the sintering degree did vary with this parameter. 33 Because a clear influence of λ on the sintering degree has not been found, except for the WP100, and the composition of each fraction was not affected by this parameter either, for the present analysis, it is interesting to work with mean values and an average composition (see Table 5). The sintering degree is much lower for WP100 than for the rest, and it increases as the percentage of herbaceous increases.…”

Section: Experimental Design and Test Featuresmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…increases. Both results are, in turn, related to the opposite effect of the λ increase on the combustion temperature and entrainment of solid particles (see refs and ).…”

Section: Experimental Test In a Fixed Bed Reactormentioning

confidence: 99%

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Combustion Performance of Agropellets in an Experimental Fixed Bed Reactor versus a Commercial Grate Boiler. Validation of Ash Behavior

et al. 2023

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Agrobiomass is presented as a suitable alternative to contribute to the fossil fuel decarbonization strategy at the European level. To achieve the ambitious objectives established in this regard: (i) new biomass resources need to be used and therefore initially tested in order to confirm its potential for different applications, such as energy production, and (ii) biomass supply capacity needs to be enlarged; therefore, agroindustries converted into Integrated Biomass Logistic Center (IBLC) can play a key role. In this research, eight different agropellets (blends of wheat straw and maize stalk with forestry wood) were produced in a IBLC and tested in a commercial boiler, comparing the results with previous ones obtained in a fixed bed reactor test campaign and to a base case (woody pellets). This paper includes both individual results in terms of bottom ash, deposition, and a final comparison of ash behavior in both facilities. All biofuels tested showed an adequate performance in terms of efficiency and emissions, being slightly better for the agropellets produced with wheat straw. Regarding sintering and deposition, the tendencies found in the reactor investigation were also observed in the commercial boiler. Moreover, the assessment of the results from the boiler and reactor’s tests proved that reactor experiments are representative and may be used to test new biofuels more efficiently in terms of effort and time allocated and could be used to predict sintering and deposition phenomenon occurrence.

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Section: Experimental Test In a Commercial Grate Fired Boilersupporting

confidence: 74%

Section: Experimental Design and Test Featuresmentioning

confidence: 95%

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Combustion Performance of Agropellets in an Experimental Fixed Bed Reactor versus a Commercial Grate Boiler. Validation of Ash Behavior

et al. 2023

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“…Compared to plant-origin biomass, whose ash contents usually range from 0.37 to 10.44%, animal waste can be considered ash-rich [46]. Some types of conventional biomass feature ash content reaching 25% [47] nevertheless their thermal utilization may be associated with ash-related problems, such as deposition on heated surfaces and in flue gas ducts, and bed agglomeration in fluidized-bed combustion boilers (FBC) [48][49][50]. Therefore, the combustion of poultry litter may require the special design of the heat exchangers and dust collection equipment.…”

Section: Ash Contentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Significance and Challenges of Poultry Litter and Cattle Manure as Sustainable Fuels: A Review

Maj

2022

Energies

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Growing animal production results in a significant amount of waste, composed of manure, bedding, feed, feathers, etc., whose safe and cost-effective disposal becomes a troublesome challenge. The literature review points out that the higher heating value (HHV) of animal-origin waste reaches 19 MJ/kg (dry basis), which positions it as a promising renewable energy source. Various paths of energy recovery were investigated in the literature, but the thermal processes, particularly combustion and co-combustion, were indicated as the most effective from both technical and environmental points of view. The presented study reviews the fuel characteristics, possible combustion-related challenges, and ash disposal routes of the most popular animal-origin waste: poultry litter and cow (cattle) manure with a slight sight on piggery (swine) manure. When considering animal-origin feedstock as fuel, usually only animal species is given (poultry, cattle, etc.). However, according to the analyzed literature data, this is not sufficient information. Several more factors crucially influence the fuel and ash properties of animal waste and the most vital are: the housing system, type of bedding, and farming style. Animal litter is considered a “difficult” fuel, nevertheless, it does not always cause combustion-related problems. Some analyzed feedstock feature low chlorine concentrations and high ash melting temperatures, which makes them combustion-friendly.

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“…The results showed that the higher excess air ratio, the less condensation. In addition, the deposition of fly ash is related to the sintering of bottom ash . During sintering, the difference in ash behavior depends on its composition, especially Si, Ca + Mg, and K + Na.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the Coal Fly Ash Blending Ratio on Biomass Slagging Structure Modification and Alkali Metal Migration

Yang

Wang

et al. 2023

Energy Fuels

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The analysis of ash deposition samples by electron microscopy (EM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/energy dispersive scanning (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) was carried out at three sampling points of a one-dimensional furnace (sampling temperatures were T L5 = 960 °C, T L6 = 855 °C, and T L7 = 820 °C, respectively). The improvement of ash deposition characteristics of biomass combustion with the different addition ratios of coal fly ash (CFA) (M r = 1:1, 1.5:1 or 2:1) and the heterogeneous removal of gas phase alkali metal heterogeneous were studied. The results showed that under the condition of M r = 1:1, the ash sample presented a three-dimensional porous loose structure like "coral reef" with the rice husk ash as the skeleton and the combustion products of CFA as the bonding point. The spherical and filamentous crystals mainly composed of SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , and silicates were distributed in the slag, and the surfaces of these crystals were accompanied by the eutectic composite salt of K−Al−Si with a high melting point, reflecting the heterogeneous curing effect of CFA on the gas phase migration of the alkali metal (K). With the decreasing addition ratio of CFA (M r = 1.5:1 or 2:1), the spherical and filamentous crystals were increased in the slag. MgO, Fe 2 O 3 , and Al 2 O 3 may be involved in the formation of high-temperature refractory Mg-Fealuminate, Ca-and Mg-silicate, which were the precursors of the rigid slag. The alkali metals mostly presented in the form of K 2 O and KCl in the gas−solid conversion under the temperature effect, serving as binders for bridging, agglomeration, and slagging of the above precursors. In addition, the kalium enrichment was accompanied by Al and S in the CFA, indicating that the Al-and S-active sites have obvious adsorption to kalium.

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Ash Behaviour during Combustion of Agropellets Produced by an Agro-Industry—Part 2: Chemical Characterization of Sintering and Deposition

Cited by 7 publications

References 44 publications

Combustion Performance of Agropellets in an Experimental Fixed Bed Reactor versus a Commercial Grate Boiler. Validation of Ash Behavior

Combustion Performance of Agropellets in an Experimental Fixed Bed Reactor versus a Commercial Grate Boiler. Validation of Ash Behavior

Significance and Challenges of Poultry Litter and Cattle Manure as Sustainable Fuels: A Review

Effect of the Coal Fly Ash Blending Ratio on Biomass Slagging Structure Modification and Alkali Metal Migration

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