Aseismic Uplift in Southern California

Castle, Robert O.; Church, Jack P.; Elliott, Michael R.

doi:10.1126/science.192.4236.251

Cited by 120 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The usual assumption is that successive geodetic measurements are statistically independent [e.g., Agnew, 1987], which has led some researchers [e.g., Langbein et al, 1982;Castle et al, 1976;Mark et al, 1981] to document time-dependent deformation. In contrast, other attempts to detect possible time-dependent deformation from geodetic works in southern California along the San Andreas fault system, show that strain rates are small (0.2 ppm/yr, or 1.0 mm/yr for a 5-km-long baseline) and that these rates appear to be steady in time [Savage and Lisowski, 1995a, c;Savage, 1995].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlated errors in geodetic time series: Implications for time‐dependent deformation

Langbein¹,

Johnson²

1997

J. Geophys. Res.

304

302

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Abstract. Analysis of frequent trilateration observations from the two-color electronic distance measuring networks in California demonstrate that the noise power spectra are dominated by white noise at higher frequencies and power law behavior at lower frequencies. In contrast, Earth scientists typically have assumed that only white noise is present in a geodetic time series, since a combination of infrequent measurements and low precision usually preclude identifying the time-correlated signature in such data. After removing a linear trend from the two-color data, it becomes evident that there are primarily two recognizable types of time-correlated noise present in the residuals. The first type is a seasonal variation in displacement which is probably a result of measuring to shallow surface monuments installed in clayey soil which responds to seasonally occurring rainfall; this noise is significant only for a small fraction of the sites analyzed. The second type of correlated noise becomes evident only after spectral analysis of line length changes and shows a functional relation at long periods between power and frequency of 1/f •, where f is frequency and a • 2. With a = 2, this type of correlated noise is termed random-walk noise, and its source is mainly thought to be small random motions of geodetic monuments with respect to the Earth's crust, though other sources are possible. Because the line length changes in the two-color networks are measured at irregular intervals, power spectral techniques cannot reliably estimate the level of 1/f • noise. Rather, we also use here a maximum likelihood estimation technique which assumes that there are only two sources of noise in the residual time series (white noise and randomwalk noise) and estimates the amount of each. From this analysis we find that the random-walk noise level averages about 1.3 mm/X/yr and that our estimates of the white noise component confirm theoretical limitations of the measurement technique. In addition, the seasonal noise can be as large as 3 mm in amplitude but typically is less than 0.5 mm. Because of the presence of random-walk noise in these time series, modeling and interpretation of the geodetic data must account for this source of error. By way of example we show that estimating the time-varying strain tensor (a form of spatial averaging) from geodetic data having both random-walk and white noise error components results in seemingly significant variations in the rate of strain accumulation; spatial averaging does reduce the size of both noise components but not their relative influence on the resulting strain accumulation model.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlated errors in geodetic time series: Implications for time‐dependent deformation

Langbein¹,

Johnson²

1997

J. Geophys. Res.

304

302

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“….es of vertical moveirent can be considerably higher. The famed "Palmdale bulge" near Palmdale, California was observed to have a maximum relative uplift of 0.25 meters between 1959 and 1974, a rate of 17 mm/yr (Castle, 1976). The Palmdale bulge is adjacent to the San Andreas fault in a region where the fault may be locked.…”

Section: Releyeling and Tide Gage Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

State-of-the-art for evaluating the potential impact of tectonism and volcanism on a radioactive waste repository

1980

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“…An example is the dramatic discovery of southern California's "Palmdale Bulge" (Castle et al 1976), perhaps too hastily christened, as additional investigations (Bennett 1977, Castle et a11977) show it to be an elongated ridge extending from Point Arguello on the coast at least 580 km eastward to the Arizona border with the point of greatest uplift, 45 cm, between TwentyNine Palms and Amboy, a considerable distance east of Palmdale. The bulge (or ridge) began to rise in the early 1960s, culminated in 1974, and www.annualreviews.org/aronline Annual Reviews had collapsed about 50 percent by 1977.…”

Section: Geodesy and Recent Deformationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geomorphological Processes on Terrestrial Planetary Surfaces

Sharp¹

1980

Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci.

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Aseismic Uplift in Southern California

Cited by 120 publications

References 4 publications

Correlated errors in geodetic time series: Implications for time‐dependent deformation

Correlated errors in geodetic time series: Implications for time‐dependent deformation

State-of-the-art for evaluating the potential impact of tectonism and volcanism on a radioactive waste repository

Geomorphological Processes on Terrestrial Planetary Surfaces

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