“…An endophytic strain of Ascochyta salicornia was cultivated from the inner tissue of the green alga Ulva sp., collected from the German North Sea coast. Upon fermentation on a solid seawater-based medium, two new lactones ascolactones A (189) and B (190), 142 were detected besides two previously described polyketides -ascochital, a metabolite previously reported from the marine fungus Kirschsteiniothelia maritima, 143 and the wellknown phytotoxin ascochitine, produced by terrestrial Ascochyta spp. 144 The absolute configurations of 189 and 190 were assigned based on a combination of quantum-chemical CD calculations and chemical degradation.…”
“…An endophytic strain of Ascochyta salicornia was cultivated from the inner tissue of the green alga Ulva sp., collected from the German North Sea coast. Upon fermentation on a solid seawater-based medium, two new lactones ascolactones A (189) and B (190), 142 were detected besides two previously described polyketides -ascochital, a metabolite previously reported from the marine fungus Kirschsteiniothelia maritima, 143 and the wellknown phytotoxin ascochitine, produced by terrestrial Ascochyta spp. 144 The absolute configurations of 189 and 190 were assigned based on a combination of quantum-chemical CD calculations and chemical degradation.…”
“…Ascosalitoxin and ascochital are precursors and end products of the ascochitine biosynthetic pathway, respectively [27] (Figure 1). Ascosalitoxin exhibited phytotoxicity to legumes and tomato seedlings [30], while ascochital displayed antimicrobial activities [27,31].…”
Section: Biological Activities and The Modes Of Actionmentioning
Phytotoxins, secondary metabolites toxic to plants and produced by fungi, are believed to play an important role in disease development by targeting host cellular machineries and/or interfering with host immune responses. The Ascochyta blight diseases on different legume plants are caused by Ascochyta and related taxa, such as Phoma. The causal agents of the Ascochyta blight are often associated with specific legume plants, showing a relatively narrow host range. The legume-associated Ascochyta and Phoma are known to produce a diverse array of polyketide-derived secondary metabolites, many of which exhibited significant phytotoxicity and have been claimed as virulence or pathogenicity factors. In this article, we reviewed the current state of knowledge on the diversity and biological activities of the phytotoxic compounds produced by Ascochyta and Phoma species. Also, we touched on the secondary metabolite biosynthesis gene clusters identified thus far and discussed the role of metabolites in the fungal biology.
“…Superficial and gregarious ascomata from this species are observed as semiglobose, ostiolate, short papillate, and carbonaceous, containing brown, monoseptate ascospores with acute ends (Jones et al 2009 ). An isolate of H. maritima obtained from submerged wood was found to produce the aromatic aldehyde metabolite ascochital ( 28 ), which inhibited the growth of Bacillus subtilis (Kusnick et al 2002 ). …”
Section: New Metabolites Described From Marine Fungi (
Sensmentioning
The natural products community has been investigating secondary metabolites from marine fungi for several decades, but when one attempts to search for validated reports of new natural products from marine fungi, one encounters a literature saturated with reports from ‘marine-derived’ fungi. Of the 1000+ metabolites that have been characterized to date, only approximately 80 of these have been isolated from species from exclusively marine lineages. These metabolites are summarized here along with the lifestyle and habitats of their producing organisms. Furthermore, we address some of the reasons for the apparent disconnect between the stated objectives of discovering new chemistry from marine organisms and the apparent neglect of the truly exceptional obligate marine fungi. We also offer suggestions on how to reinvigorate enthusiasm for marine natural products discovery from fungi from exclusive marine lineages and highlight the need for critically assessing the role of apparently terrestrial fungi in the marine environment.
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