Arylamine polymers prepared via facile paraldehyde addition condensation: an effective hole‐transporting material for perovskite solar cells

Abstract

Arylamine polymers were prepared via the facile one‐step addition condensation of N,N′‐diphenyl‐N,N′‐bis(4‐methylphenyl)‐1,4‐phenylenediamine and 4‐methoxytriphenylamine with paraldehyde. The polymers were highly soluble in common organic solvents. The non‐conjugated arylamine polymer structure was characterized and found to form tough, homogeneous, amorphous layers with a glass transition temperature above 200 °C on a substrate by a simple spin‐coating process. The polymer layers exhibited a hole mobility of the order of 10−5 cm2 V−1 s−1, which was comparable with those of previously reported arylamine polymers, and a highest occupied molecular orbital level of −5.38 eV appropriate for the hole‐transporting layer of perovskite solar cells. The perovskite cells fabricated with the polymers gave a photovoltaic conversion efficiency of 16.0%. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry

Anti‐Oxidizing Radical Polymer‐Incorporated Perovskite Layers and their Photovoltaic Characteristics in Solar Cells

“…Perovskite solar cells were fabricated by slightly tuning a previously reported procedure . A compact TiO 2 layer was deposited on the patterned conductive glass substrate of a fluorine‐doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate (Atock, with a sheet resistance of 30 Ω sq −1 ) by spraying an ethanol solution of titanium diisopropoxide bis(acetylacetonate) (Sigma–Aldrich).…”

“…The methylammonium lead triiodide perovskite (CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 ) precursor solution was prepared by dissolving methylamine hydroiodide (200 mg) and PbI 2 (578 mg) in N , N ‐dimethylformamide (DMF) (1 mL). A mixed‐cation perovskite precursor solution for the photovoltaic devices was prepared by dissolving formamidine hydroiodide (172 mg), methylamine hydrobromide (22.4 mg), PbI 2 (507 mg), PbBr 2 (80.7 mg), CsI (16.3 mg) and RbI (13.4 mg) powders at a molar ratio of 1:0.2:1.1:0.22:0.063:0.066 in DMF (800 μL), dimethyl sulfoxide (114 μL) and acetonitrile (86 μL) (all powders were provided by Tokyo Chemical Industry and all solvents were provided by Kanto Chemical), as previously reported . PTMA and other polymers (0–1.0 wt % vs. the perovskite) were added as powders to these perovskite precursor solutions and stirred for 1 h. The perovskite solution was spin coated on the m‐TiO 2 or planar SnO 2 underlayer at 1000 rpm for 10 s to 6000 rpm for 20 s to form the perovskite layer.…”

“…Perovskite solar cells were fabricated by slightly tuning apreviously reported procedure. [5,61] Ac ompact TiO 2 layer was deposited on the patterned conductive glass substrate of af luorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate (Atock, with as heet resistance of 30 W sq À1 ) by spraying an ethanol solution of titanium diisopropoxide bis(acetylacetonate) (Sigma-Aldrich). For the m-TiO 2 underlayer,a ne thanol solution of Ti paste (150 mg mL À1 ,P ST-18NR, JGC Catalysts and Chemicals) was spin coated on the TiO 2 compact layer at 4000 rpm for 20 sf ollowed by immediate annealing at 100 8Cf or 10 min, and annealing at 500 8Cf or 1h.F or the SnO 2 underlayer,aSnO 2 colloidal solution (15 %d ispersion in water,A lfa Aesar), which was diluted with pure water to 1.3 wt %, was spin coated on the TiO 2 compact layer at 3000 rpm for 30 sf ollowed by annealing at 150 8Cf or 30 min.…”

“…Am ixed-cation perovskite precursor solution for the photovoltaic devices was prepared by dissolving formamidine hydroiodide (172 mg), methylamine hydrobromide (22.4 mg), PbI 2 (507 mg), PbBr 2 (80.7 mg), CsI (16.3 mg) and RbI (13.4 mg) powders at am olar ratio of 1:0.2:1.1:0.22:0.063:0.066 in DMF (800 mL), dimethyl sulfoxide (114 mL) and acetonitrile (86 mL) (all powders were provided by To kyo Chemical Industry and all solvents were provided by Kanto Chemical), as previously reported. [61] PTMA and other polymers (0-1.0 wt %v s. the perovskite) were added as powders to these perovskite precursor solutions and stirred for 1h.T he perovskite solution was spin coated on the m-TiO 2 or planar SnO 2 underlayer at 1000 rpm for 10 st o6 000 rpm for 20 st of orm the perovskite layer.Aformamidine hydrobromide (Tokyo Chemical Industry) solution (5.0 mg mL À1 in 2-propanol) was spin coated at 5000 rpm for 30 st or eform the perovskite layer. [5] PTAA (10 mg in 1mLt oluene, Sigma-Aldrich) with 7.5 mLl ithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (170 mg mL À1 in acetonitrile, Tokyo Chemical Industry) and 4.0 mL tert-butylpyridine (Tokyo Chemical Industry) was spin-coated at 4000 rpm for 20 so nt he perovskite layer as ah ole-transporting layer.F inally,a100 nm Au layer for the electrode was deposited at 0.1 nm s À1 on the holetransporting polymer layer using av acuum coater under low pressure of < 10 À3 Pa (VPC-1100, ULVAC).…”

Hole-Transporting Polymers Containing Partially Oxygen-Bridged Triphenylamine Units and Their Application for Perovskite Solar Cells

“…Polymer materials are also more suitable for industrial-scale, large area fabrication. Despite these attractive features, polymeric HTMs have received comparatively little attention [13,[22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31].…”