Artificially generated turbulence: a review of phycological nanocosm, microcosm, and mesocosm experiments

Arnott, Russell N.; Cherif, Mehdi; Bryant, Lee D.; Wain, Danielle

doi:10.1007/s10750-020-04487-5

Cited by 24 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 166 publications

(197 reference statements)

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“…It is worth comparing the statistics of measured oceanic dissipation rates to published dissipation rates used in laboratory experiments on plankton (Fig. 4) ( see also Peters and Marrasé 2000; Arnott et al 2021). Synthesizing data from 50 published laboratory experiments that were specifically aimed at simulating open‐ocean conditions (as opposed to coastal conditions), we compared the stated experimental dissipation rates to the pdfs of dissipation rates observed in waters between 1000 and 100 m, waters shallower than 100 m (data from Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oceanic turbulence from a planktonic perspective

Franks

Inman

MacKinnon

et al. 2021

Limnology & Oceanography

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The potential influences of turbulence on planktonic processes such as nutrient uptake, grazing, predation, infection, and mating have been explored in hundreds of laboratory and theoretical studies. However, the turbulence levels used may not represent those experienced by oceanic plankton, bringing into question their relevance for understanding planktonic dynamics in the ocean. Here, we take a data-centric approach to understand the turbulence climate experienced by plankton in the ocean, analyzing over one million turbulence measurements acquired in the open ocean. Median dissipation rates in the upper 100 m were < 10 À8 W kg À1 , with 99% of the observations < 10 À6 W kg À1 . Below mixed layers, the median dissipation rate was ~10 À10 W kg À1 , with 99% of the observations < 10 À7 W kg À1 . Even in strongly mixing layers the median dissipation rates rarely reached 10 À5 W kg À1 , decreasing by orders of magnitude over 10 m or less in depth. Furthermore, episodes of intense turbulence were transient, transitioning to background levels within 10 min or less. We define three turbulence conditions in the ocean: weak (< 10 À8 W kg À1 ), moderate (10 À8 -10 À6 W kg À1 ), and strong (> 10 À6 W kg À1 ). Even the strongest of these is much weaker than those used in most laboratory experiments. The most frequent turbulence levels found in this study are weak enough for most plankton-including small protists-to outswim them, and to allow chemical plumes and trails to persist for tens of minutes. Our analyses underscore the primary importance of planktonic behavior in driving individual interactions.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oceanic turbulence from a planktonic perspective

Franks

Inman

MacKinnon

et al. 2021

Limnology & Oceanography

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“…Our results show that the optimal ɛ for Microcystis growth in the field is 1.0 × 10 −5 m 2 /s 3 (Figure 2), which is within the range of results obtained from laboratory experiments, but four orders of magnitude lower than the maximum value of 0.216 m 2 s −3 and one order of magnitude higher than the minimum value of 1.6 × 10 −6 m 2 s −3 . In fact, ε exceeding 10 −2 m 2 s −3 is almost in the upper range of ε found in the natural environment (Arnott et al., 2021), meaning that turbulent flow cannot inhibit the Microcystis growth under natural conditions, which is contrary to existing research (Lim et al., 2021), thus laboratory conclusions cannot objectively reflect the impact of natural conditions on Microcystis . Zhou et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…This process must depend on the relationship between turbulent strength and the floating ability of Microcystis . In addition, turbulence can directly affect the growth of Microcystis (Arnott et al., 2021; Wilkinson et al., 2019). If the cell density in the water column is very high, even though Microcystis colonies are evenly distributed vertically in the mixed layer, the cell density at the water surface is still very high, then blooms will still occur.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling Physical and Physiological Processes Reveals the Role of Turbulence in the Prerequisites for Microcystis Blooms

Li,

Gao,

Sun

2024

Water Resources Research

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Harmful algal blooms of Microcystis have become a global problem. Turbulence, a determining factor affecting blooms, not only disperses surface scum but also controls the growth of Microcystis. Numerous studies have analyzed the effects of turbulence on the growth and colony size of Microcystis in laboratories, but the turbulence thresholds for Microcystis growth and colony disaggregation in the field are difficult to determine due to the complex environment. In addition, the quantitative contribution of turbulence‐driven blooms and the intrinsic mechanisms of the spatial distribution responding to turbulence are unclear. In this study, a fully integrated filed scale computational model focusing on turbulence‐driven blooms was developed, which incorporates physical processes (turbulence‐induced vertical mixing, VMT) and physiological processes such as buoyancy‐controlling transport (BCT), turbulence‐induced colony size variation (CSV), and growth rate variation (GRV). We performed model sensitivity analysis and evaluated the effects of turbulence intensity and duration on the biomass and vertical distribution of Microcystis. The results show that the optimal turbulence dissipation rate for Microcystis growth in the field is 1.0 × 10−5 m2/s3 and the critical turbulence dissipation rate for aggregation distribution is 3.81 × 10−6 m2/s3 in shallow lakes. A quantitative comparison of the effects of physical/physiological processes on blooms shows that physiological processes (CSV, GRV, and BCT) are critical for biomass enrichment, and the accumulation of Microcystis at the water surface is dominated by physical processes (VMT). This study reveals the mechanisms of turbulence‐driven Microcystis blooms and provides new insights for algal bloom prediction and control.

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“…Several components of what we now call adaptive community dynamics have been addressed by many empirical studies, but described using a wide variety of terms. First, many community-level experiments have manipulated environmental conditions in microcosms or mesocosms (Arnott et al, 2021), in agricultural settings (Guo et al, 2019;Silvertown et al, 2006), or in more "natural" habitats (Avolio et al, 2020(Avolio et al, , 2021Komatsu et al, 2019). Such manipulations almost always elicit changes in community composition, and authors' interpretations about which species increase or decreasesometimes based on a priori predictions-routinely invoke the concept of adaptive community dynamics (without using this term).…”

Section: Empiri C Al E Viden Ce P Ointing To Adap Tive Communit Y Dyn...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodiversity change under adaptive community dynamics

Carroll

Cardou

Dornelas

et al. 2023

Global Change Biology

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Compositional change is a ubiquitous response of ecological communities to environmental drivers of global change, but is often regarded as evidence of declining "biotic integrity" relative to historical baselines. Adaptive compositional change, however, is a foundational idea in evolutionary biology, whereby changes in gene frequencies within species boost population-level fitness, allowing populations to persist as the environment changes. Here, we present an analogous idea for ecological communities based on core concepts of fitness and selection. Changes in community composition (i.e., frequencies of genetic differences among species) in response to environmental change should normally increase the average fitnessof community members. We refer to compositional changes that improve the functional match, or "fit," between organisms' traits and their environment as adaptive community dynamics. Environmental change (e.g., land-use change) commonly reduces the fit between antecedent communities and new environments. Subsequent change in community composition in response to environmental changes, however, should normally increase community-level fit, as the success of at least some constituent species increases. We argue that adaptive community dynamics are likely to improve or maintain ecosystem function (e.g., by maintaining productivity). Adaptive community responses may simultaneously produce some changes that are considered societally desirable (e.g., increased carbon storage) and others that are undesirable (e.g., declines of certain species), just as evolutionary responses within species may be deemed desirable (e.g., evolutionary rescue of an endangered species) or undesirable (e.g., enhanced virulence of an agricultural pest).When assessing possible management interventions, it is important to distinguish between drivers of environmental change (e.g., undesired climate warming) and adaptive community responses, which may generate some desirable outcomes. Efforts to facilitate, accept, or resist ecological change require separate consideration of drivers and responses, and may highlight the need to reconsider preferences for historical baseline communities over communities that are better adapted to the new conditions.

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Artificially generated turbulence: a review of phycological nanocosm, microcosm, and mesocosm experiments

Cited by 24 publications

References 166 publications

Oceanic turbulence from a planktonic perspective

Oceanic turbulence from a planktonic perspective

Modeling Physical and Physiological Processes Reveals the Role of Turbulence in the Prerequisites for Microcystis Blooms

Biodiversity change under adaptive community dynamics

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