Artificial Transmission of Viral Hepatitis Among Intravenous Diacetylmorphine Addicts

Appelbaum, Emanuel

doi:10.1001/jama.1951.03670200014004

Cited by 23 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…In sharp contrast to the boosted drug abuse, however, the global response to the increasing transmission risk of HBV/HCV among drug users was tardy. However the association of subcutaneous or intravenous IDU with homologous serum hepatitis (named as hepatitis B virus in 1976) was first reported as early as 1950 [ 40 , 41 , 42 ], yet the risk factors have not been well elucidated, and researches were conducted on a small scale. It was not until the isolation of HBV in 1976 and the isolation of HCV in 1989, that people really pay attention to the high risk of acquisition and transmission of blood-borne virus among IDUs [ 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Mortality Burden of Cirrhosis and Liver Cancer Attributable to Injection Drug Use, 1990–2016: An Age-Period-Cohort and Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis

Yang

Zhang

Luo

et al. 2018

IJERPH

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We analyzed the temporal and spatial variations in mortality burden of cirrhosis and liver cancer attributable to injection drug use (IDU) from 1990 to 2016. Mortality data of IDU-attributable cirrhosis and IDU-attributable liver cancer on the global and national scales from 1990 to 2016 were collected from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) studies. Age-period-cohort (APC) model analysis was used to analyze the global mortality trends of target disease, and spatial autocorrelation analysis based on Geographic Information System was applied to illustrate the clusters of the most epidemic countries. Globally, from 1990 to 2015, mortality rates (age-standardized, per 100,000) of IDU-attributable cirrhosis increased continually from 1.5 to 1.9, while from 0.4 to 0.9 for IDU-attributable liver cancer. The APC model analysis indicated that the increases of mortality were mainly driven by period effects, with the mortality risk increasing by 6.82-fold for IDU-attributable cirrhosis and 3.08-fold for IDU-attributable liver cancer. The spatial analysis suggested that IDU-attributable cirrhosis mortality were geographically clustered from 1990 to 2016, and hot spots were mainly located in less well developed countries of Latin America, East and Central Europe and Central Asia. Our study provides epidemiological evidence for global interventions against advanced liver disease among injection drug users (IDUs).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Mortality Burden of Cirrhosis and Liver Cancer Attributable to Injection Drug Use, 1990–2016: An Age-Period-Cohort and Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis

Yang

Zhang

Luo

et al. 2018

IJERPH

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“…from the percussed upper border in the midclavicular line. 57 (5) A specific search was made for "addict's lymphadenopathy,73 a reactive hyperplasia of the epitrochlear and axillary lymph no des presumably due to long-term intravenous injection of drugs contaminated with particulate matter. The routine battery of liver function tests consisted of the SGOT, SGPT, cephalin flocculation, and thymol turbidity.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liver disease in narcotic addicts II. The role of the needle

Sapira¹,

Jasinski²,

Gorodetzky³

1968

Clin Pharma and Therapeutics

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A liver disease is described among narcotic addicts examined at the Addiction Research Center. The clinical picture is described and discussed in light of the pertinent literature. It is suggested that many narcotic addicts have a long‐term intermittent serum hepatitis, chronic addiction serum hepatitis. There is a correlation between evidences of this liver disease and the duration of exposure to hypodermic equipment.

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“…The earliest documented concern about the possibility of transmission of infective organisms is from Eulenburg [151] who drew attention to the possibility of transmission of syphilis through use of needles during the hypodermic administration of drugs. Early reports of infectious complications of sharing injecting equipment include the outbreak of malaria among injecting heroin users in Egypt in the late 1920s [152,153] and in New York in the early 1930s [154,155], septicaemia and bacterial endocarditis [156], and the recognition of the transmission of viral hepatitis among injecting heroin addicts [157] and the identification of the extent of hepatitis B infection among these populations in the United Kingdom [9,[158][159][160] and elsewhere [10]. Of those infected with hepatitis B, about 5-10% will develop chronic hepatitis B infection which carries with it a high risk of lateonset development of acute on chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.…”

Section: Injecting Drug Usementioning

confidence: 99%

Route of drug use and its implications for drug effect, risk of dependence and health consequences

Strang¹,

Bearn²,

Farrell³

et al. 1998

Drug and Alcohol Review

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Route of administration has a profound, but often overlooked, influence on the actual experience of the drug use itself, on the risk of resulting development of dependence, and on the nature of the harms to which drug users are exposing themselves. These three areas are reviewed. The influence of route of administration on drug effect is considered first with regard to overall effectiveness of absorption, and also with regard to speed of onset of effect. The implications for risk of dependence cover animal and human laboratory studies of reinforcement schedules, epidemiological studies, the attitudes of drug users themselves to the different routes of possible drug use and associated dependence risk and the postulated influences on progression to dependence. Finally, the relationship between route of drug use and health sequelae is explored for the three most widely used routes of administration of illicit drugs-snorting, smoking and injecting.

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Artificial Transmission of Viral Hepatitis Among Intravenous Diacetylmorphine Addicts

Cited by 23 publications

References 6 publications

Global Mortality Burden of Cirrhosis and Liver Cancer Attributable to Injection Drug Use, 1990–2016: An Age-Period-Cohort and Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis

Global Mortality Burden of Cirrhosis and Liver Cancer Attributable to Injection Drug Use, 1990–2016: An Age-Period-Cohort and Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis

Liver disease in narcotic addicts II. The role of the needle

Route of drug use and its implications for drug effect, risk of dependence and health consequences

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