Artificial Sweeteners, Caffeine, and Alcohol Intoxication in Bar Patrons

Rossheim, Matthew E.; Thombs, Dennis L.

doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01534.x

Cited by 36 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Unfortunately, consuming these mixtures has been associated with increases in emergency room visits (SAMHSA, 2011; SAMHSA, 2013), suggesting that consumption of these drinks can be dangerous. Mixing caffeinated beverages and alcohol is not a new practice nor is it limited to energy drinks since other caffeinated drinks like colas are also popular mixers with alcohol (Rossheim and Thombs, 2011; Thombs et al , 2011). However, many energy drinks typically have more caffeine per serving than other caffeinated beverages, ranging widely from 50 to 500 mg total caffeine per package (Heckman et al , 2010; Reissig et al , 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensitization and Tolerance Following Repeated Exposure to Caffeine and Alcohol in Mice

May

Haun

Griffin

2015

Alcohol Clin Exp Res

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Introduction Energy drinks are popular mixers with alcohol. While energy drinks contain many ingredients, caffeine is an important pharmacologically active component and is generally present in larger amounts than in other caffeinated beverages. In these studies, we investigated the hypothesis that caffeine would influence the effects of alcohol (ethanol) on conditioned taste aversion, ataxia and locomotor activity after repeated exposure. Methods Four groups of mice were exposed by oral gavage twice daily to vehicle, ethanol (4 g/kg), caffeine (15 mg/kg), or the ethanol/caffeine combination. Conditioned taste aversion to saccharin and ataxia in the parallel rod task were evaluated after 8 or 16 gavages, respectively, using ethanol (1–3 g/kg) or ethanol/caffeine (3mg/kg + 2 g/kg) challenges. In addition, locomotor activity was evaluated initially and after repeated exposure to oral gavage of these drugs and doses. Results Repeated oral gavage of ethanol produced significant locomotor sensitization, with those mice increasing total distance traveled by 2-fold. The locomotor response to caffeine, while significantly greater than vehicle gavage, did not change with repeated exposure. On the other hand, repeated gavage of caffeine/ethanol combination produced a substantial increase in total distance traveled after repeated exposure (~4-fold increase). After repeated ethanol exposure, there was significant tolerance to ethanol in the conditioned taste aversion and parallel rod tests. However, neither a history of caffeine exposure nor including caffeine influenced ethanol-induced conditioned taste aversion. Interestingly, a history of caffeine exposure increased the ataxic response to the caffeine/ethanol combination and appeared to reduce the ataxic response to high doses of ethanol. Conclusion The data support the general hypothesis that repeated exposure to caffeine influences the response to ethanol. Together with previously published work, these data indicate that caffeine influences some ethanol-related behaviors, notably locomotion and ataxia, but appears not to influence the expression of conditioned behaviors.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensitization and Tolerance Following Repeated Exposure to Caffeine and Alcohol in Mice

May

Haun

Griffin

2015

Alcohol Clin Exp Res

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“…The FDA effectively prohibited the sale of premixed AmED (Arria and O'Brien, 2011), although premixed drinks represent a small portion of AmED consumption. AmED use continues (Arria and O'Brien, 2011;Howland et al, 2011), and drinkers can order them in bars (Rossheim and Thombs, 2011) and mix their own privately.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Alcohol Mixed With Energy Drinks as a Predictor of Alcohol-Related Consequences Two Years Later

Patrick

Evans-Polce

Maggs

2014

J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs

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ABSTRACT. Objective:This study examines the use of alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmED) as a predictor of alcohol problems and alcohol-related consequences and accidents two years later in a college student sample. Method: Longitudinal data on AmED use, alcohol consequences, and alcohol problems were collected from the fall of students' second year of college to the fall of their fourth year (N = 620, 49% male). Results: After we controlled for demographic indicators and heavy episodic drinking, AmED use was a consistent predictor of negative alcohol-related outcomes 2 years later. Compared with no AmED use, both infrequent (i.e., one to three times per month) and frequent (i.e., one or more times per week) AmED use were associated with an increased risk of negative alcohol consequences and harmful/hazardous alcohol use ( 8 on Alcohol Use Disorders Identifi cation Test [AUDIT]). Frequent AmED use was also associated with serious alcohol problems ( 16 on AUDIT) and an increased risk of alcohol-related accidents in the subsequent 2 years. Conclusions: Prospective risks of alcohol consequences related to AmED use suggest a continued need for research and policy to address the surveillance, etiology, and prevention of AmED use. (J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs, 75, 753-757, 2014)

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“…Few differences in overall alcohol drinking behavior were observed between individuals based upon usual caffeinated alcoholic drink consumed. Together with other analyses, 20,29 these data suggest that the heightened attention paid to alcohol mixed with EDs may provide an incomplete view of the consequences of caffeinated alcoholic drinks. Future examinations that assess alcohol consumption in combination with a variety of caffeine sources may be able to determine whether EDs present a unique risk.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%