Artificial Production of Incomplete Influenza Virus

Groth, S.; Graham, Doris M.

doi:10.1038/173637b0

Cited by 24 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 4 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Thus, for an average adsorption of 60 per cent of the seed virus onto the entoderrnal cells it can be calculated that about 85 IDs0 were liberated for every IDs0 absorbed. This value agrees with previous estimates of yields (15,6), but it does not reflect the total possible production of infectious virus in one cell since (s) some inactivation of liberated virus is expected to occur during the incubation period in oso at 37°C. (1, 9); and (b) infectious cycles are not completed in a 24 hour period (16).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…If these calculations were restricted to the seed virus actually adsorbed onto the cells, the increase would be nearly 100-fold. Since agglutination by intact virus can be detected when the number of virus particles nearly equals that of the red cells (5,6,8,9,23,24) its efficiency per se cannot be improved. The seed virus would have to disintegrate, therefore, into 30 or 100 smaller units, respectively, if the NIHA obtained in the above experiments represented breakdown products.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Studies on Host-Virus Interactions in the Chick Embryo-Influenza Virus System

Paucker

Henle

1955

The Journal of Experimental Medicine

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In the preceding paper of this series (1) evidence has been presented which shows that standard seeds of influenza virus, heated for several days at 37°C., resemble in many respects those obtained by serial passage of undiluted infected allantoic fluid as described by ,con Magnus (2, 3). Both yielded on passage in the chick embryo large quantities of hemagglutinins (HA) but relatively little infectious virus, provided they were injected in sufficient concentrations. Correspondingly, the ID~0/HA ratios of the yields were considerably lower than those noted in standard preparations of virus. Little or no non-infectious hemagglutinins (NIHA) were found when both the "undiluted passage" (UP) or heated standard (ST) seeds were diluted 100-to 1000-fold prior to injection and virus material of near standard composition was obtained. However, there exist also considerable differences between the two types of seed preparations with respect to the progenies they produce. The yields from UP seeds never revealed ID~0/I-IA ratios lower than 10 ~, whereas those derived from heated ST virus showed ratios as low as 101 . On the other hand, the ratios obtained in the first few undiluted passages decreased by as much as 2 log10 unites below those of the seeds used (2-4), while the yields of heated standard virus revealed always ratios equal to or greater than those of the inocula (1). This became more evident when UP and heated ST seeds were compared on the basis of equal IDs0 and HA concentrations. Both yielded similar quantities of HA, but the former produced considerably less infectious virus.It is the purpose of this report to present data on some of the quantitative aspects of passages of standard virus which had been heated at 37°C. for increasing periods of time. The results indicate that the inactivated virus in the inocula interferes with second infectious cycles but does not significantly

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on Host-Virus Interactions in the Chick Embryo-Influenza Virus System

Paucker

Henle

1955

The Journal of Experimental Medicine

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Influenza viruses A and B (Orthomyxoviridae) have genomes comprising 8 segments of single-stranded, negative-sense RNA. It has long been known that DI influenza A virus interferes with the multiplication in vivo of influenza A virus in embryonated chicken's eggs (6,(55)(56)(57)(58)(59)(60)(61)(62). Early data provided evidence of protection from pneumonia in adult mice inoculated intranasally with virus preparations containing putative DI virus (55,(63)(64)(65) and from encephalitis in adult mice inoculated intracerebrally (55,66).…”

Section: Influenza Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defective Interfering Influenza Virus RNAs: Time To Reevaluate Their Clinical Potential as Broad-Spectrum Antivirals?

Dimmock

Easton

2014

J Virol

153

222

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Defective interfering (DI) RNAs are highly deleted forms of the infectious genome that are made by most families of RNA viruses. DI RNAs retain replication and packaging signals, are synthesized preferentially over infectious genomes, and are packaged as DI virus particles which can be transmitted to susceptible cells. Their ability to interfere with the replication of infectious virus in cell culture and their potential as antivirals in the clinic have long been known. However, until now, no realistic formulation has been described. In this review, we consider the early evidence of antiviral activity by DI viruses and, using the example of DI influenza A virus, outline developments that have led to the production of a cloned DI RNA that is highly active in preclinical studies not only against different subtypes of influenza A virus but also against heterologous respiratory viruses. These data suggest the timeliness of reassessing the potential of DI viruses as a novel class of antivirals that may have general applicability.

show abstract

“…Accordingly, each piece represented about 5.4 per cent of the entire allantoic membrane. On the basis of previous estimates (3,11), the number of allantoic cells in 6.6 cm. 2 of membrane is about 107.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibition of Influenza Virus Multiplication by N-Glycosides of Benzimidazoles

Tamm¹,

Folkers²,

Shunk³

et al. 1954

Journal of Experimental Medicine

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Chloro derivatives of benzimidazole were found to be 2 to 3 times more active than corresponding methyl derivatives in causing inhibition of Lee virus multiplication in chorioallantoic membrane cultures in vitro. The most active benzimidazole derivative thus far tested is 5,6-dichloro-1-ß-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB); it caused 75 per cent inhibition of Lee virus multiplication in membrane cultures at a concentration of 0.38 x 10–4 M. On the other hand, 5,6-dimethyl-1-alpha;-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole, the moiety present in vitamin B12, failed to inhibit Lee virus multiplication at a concentration of 35 x 10–4 M. Other N-glycosides of 5,6-dichlorobenzimidazole were considerably less active than DRB. In single cycle experiments, the degree of inhibition of Lee virus multiplication by DRB in membrane cultures was not dependent on the amount of virus in the inoculum. This compound did not inactivate the infectivity of extracellular Lee virus, had no effect on virus-erythrocyte interaction, did not interfere with the adsorption of the virus by the host tissue, nor affect the release of newly formed virus from the membrane. The inhibitory effect of DRB on Lee virus multiplication, in contrast to that of 2,5-dimethylbenzimidazole, persisted after transfer of infected membranes into fresh culture medium not containing the compound. Both DRB and the 2,5-dimethyl compound caused 99 per cent inhibition of Lee virus multiplication without affecting oxygen uptake of the membrane. Tissue proliferation of membrane pieces in roller tube culture was not significantly affected by DRB at inhibitory concentration, whereas at equivalent concentration the 2,5-dimethyl compound did restrict cellular growth. At higher concentrations, both compounds caused retardation of cell proliferation. This effect was reversible on removal of either compound from the medium. The multiplication of several strains of influenza A and B viruses, i.e. Lee, MB, PR8, and FM1, was inhibited to the same degree by each of the two compounds; DRB was 35 times more active than the 2,5-dimethyl compound relative to each of the strains. DRB caused inhibition of Lee virus multiplication in intact embryonated chicken eggs and in mice without causing significant signs of toxicity in either host. Some of the implications of these findings are discussed in relation to the mechanism of the inhibition of influenza virus multiplication.

show abstract

Artificial Production of Incomplete Influenza Virus

Cited by 24 publications

References 4 publications

Studies on Host-Virus Interactions in the Chick Embryo-Influenza Virus System

Studies on Host-Virus Interactions in the Chick Embryo-Influenza Virus System

Defective Interfering Influenza Virus RNAs: Time To Reevaluate Their Clinical Potential as Broad-Spectrum Antivirals?

Inhibition of Influenza Virus Multiplication by N-Glycosides of Benzimidazoles

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About