Artificial patination in Early Iron Age Europe: an analytical case study of a unique bronze artefact

Mechanism of Corrosion Behavior between Pb-Rich Phase and Cu-Rich Structure of High Sn-Pb Bronze Alloy in Neutral Salt Spray Environment

“…Mabill et al [10] studied that the corrosion layer of Cu-13Sn alloy in 0.01 M Na 2 SO 4 aqueous solution was rich in tin compounds. Kareem et al [11] believed that the corrosion products on the surface of bronze ware had a two-layer structure: the outermost layer was usually composed of compounds, such as Cu (Cu 2 O) and chloride (atacamite) and Pb (oxides and carbonates), while the inner layer was mainly composed of Sn products [12][13][14]. Cl-in the environment has different effects on the corrosion of bronze alloys.…”

Metallurgical investigation on fourth century BCE silver jewellery of two hoards from Samaria

“…In antiquity it was possible to produce silver-silver joints by adding a copper compound plus organic slurry-glue to the joining zone, followed by the heat reduction to a copper interlayer, forming dedicated joints, depending on the process conditions43. Different copper compounds could have been used to create metallic copper layers on the silver surface: (1) powdered Malachite mineral, Cu 2 (OH) 2 CO 3 , was used according to Pliny the elder3239444546; (2) cupric oxide (CuO) black powder, produced by grinding the oxide formed on the copper surface after annealing464748; (3) copper chloride dehydrate, CuCl 2 (H 2 O) 2 , obtained by annealing a copper sheet painted with salt4849; and (4) Chalcanthite mineral (CuSO 4 ·5H 2 O)4850.…”