Artificial Kidney: Preliminary Report

Lowsley, Oswald S.; Kirwin, Thomas J.

doi:10.1016/s0022-5347(17)68473-8

Cited by 18 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…On May 30, 1950, at the Annual Meeting of the American Urological Association in Washington, DC, U.S.A., Oswald S. Lowsley and Thomas J. Kirwin, from the Department of Urology, New York Medical College, New York, NY, U.S.A., presented modifications of the Skeggs-Leonards dialyzer. 96 They constructed 2 kinds of dialyzers: (1) a parallel counter-current flow type and (2) a series countercurrent flow type. Both types used ''sheets of cellophane mounted on transparent plastic supports,'' which were arranged alternatively, with the blood chambers interspaced between pairs of water chambers.…”

Section: Sheet (Flat-plate) Dialyzersmentioning

confidence: 99%

History of hemodialyzers' designs

Twardowski

2008

Hemodialysis International

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Accumulation of knowledge requisite for development of hemodialysis started in antiquity and continued through Middle Ages until the 20th century. Firstly, it was determined that the kidneys produce urine containing toxic substances that accumulate in the body if the kidneys fail to function properly; secondly, it was necessary to discover the process of diffusion and dialysis; thirdly, it was necessary to develop a safe method to prevent clotting in the extracorporeal circulation; and fourthly, it was necessary to develop biocompatible dialyzing membranes. Most of the essential knowledge was acquired by the end of the 19th century. Hemodialysis as a practical means of replacing kidney function started and developed in the 20th century. The original hemodialyzers, using celloidin as a dialyzing membrane and hirudin as an anticoagulant, were used in animal experiments at the beginning of the 20th century, and then there were a few attempts in humans in the 1920s. Rapid progress started with the application of cellophane membranes and heparin as an anticoagulant in the late 1930s and 1940s. The explosion of new dialyzer designs continued in the 1950s and 1960s and ended with the development of capillary dialyzers. Cellophane was replaced by other dialyzing membranes in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. Dialysis solution was originally prepared in the tank from water, electrolytes, and glucose. This solution was recirculated through the dialyzer and back to the tank. In the 1960s, a method of single-pass dialysis solution preparation and delivery system was designed. A large quantity of dialysis solution was used for a single dialysis. Sorbent systems, using a small volume of regenerated dialysis solution, were developed in the mid 1960s, and continue to be used for home hemodialysis and acute renal failure. At the end of the 20th century, a new closed system, which prepared and delivered ultrapure dialysis solution preparation, was developed. This system also had automatic reuse of lines and dialyzers and prepared the machine for the next dialysis. This was specifically designed for quotidian home hemodialysis. Another system for frequent home hemodialysis or acute renal failure was developed at the turn of the 21st century. This system used premanufactured dialysis solution, delivered to the home or dialysis unit, as is done for peritoneal dialysis.

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Section: Sheet (Flat-plate) Dialyzersmentioning

confidence: 99%

History of hemodialyzers' designs

Twardowski

2008

Hemodialysis International

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“…Rayer in 1841 as quoted by Rais [1974] was the first to define the clinical entity and describe the typical symptoms. Dietl described in 1859 as quoted by Lowsley and Kirwin [ 1956] an acute type of pain associated with abnormal renal mobility (ARM) that is known as Dietl's crisis. The first surgical treatment neph ropexy was performed in 1881 by E. Hahn.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therapy should be surgical and not conservative because the lat ter fails to produce positive objective and subjective results. Many surgical techniques have been described and performed for the treatment of ARM but most of them could not be justified by the reported results as described by Rais [1974], Lowsley and Kirwin [1956] and Merimsky and Firstater [1978].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abnormal Renal Mobility – An Indication for Surgical Intervention

Glikman

Glicksman²,

Pevsner³

et al. 1989

Urol Int

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Movable kidney is a debated entity and therefore not diagnosed in many cases. According to our experience the diagnosis should be made much more frequent in patients who suffer from loin and/or abdominal pain which is relieved by recumbent position. Twenty-nine cases of patients who suffered from loin and/or abdominal pain and were diagnosed as suffering from abnormal renal mobility by medical history, intravenous pyelogram, angiography and dynamic scanning were operated upon with a reported high rate of relief of pain (87%; 25/29). The technique employed was the modified Deming operation.

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