Artificial Intelligence-Empowered Edge of Vehicles: Architecture, Enabling Technologies, and Applications

Ji, Hongjing; Alfarraj, Osama; Tolba, Amr

doi:10.1109/access.2020.2983609

Cited by 78 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…Machine learning (ML) is used for the implementation of AI using data parsing algorithms. Deep learning (DL) technology is used for the realization of ML whereas reinforcement learning (RL), is an evaluation learning technique in ML [190]. Security related issues in IoT devices is addressed using ML within an IoT gateway [191].…”

Section: ) Artificial Intelligence (Ai) Enabled Computingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green Internet of Things (GIoT): Applications, Practices, Awareness, and Challenges

et al. 2021

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Internet of things (IoT) is one of key pillars in fifth generation (5G) and beyond 5G (B5G) networks. It is estimated to have 42 billion IoT devices by the year 2025. Currently, carbon emissions and electronic waste (e-waste) are significant challenges in the information & communication technologies (ICT) sector. The aim of this article is to provide insights on green IoT (GIoT) applications, practices, awareness, and challenges to a generalist of wireless communications. We garner various efficient enablers, architectures, environmental impacts, technologies, energy models, and strategies, so that a reader can find a wider range of GIoT knowledge. In this article, various energy efficient hardware design principles, data-centers, and software based data traffic management techniques are discussed as enablers of GIoTs. Energy models of IoT devices are presented in terms of data communication, actuation process, static power dissipation and generated power by harvesting techniques for optimal power budgeting. In addition, this article presents various effective behavioral change models and strategies to create awareness about energy conservation among users and service providers of IoTs. Fog/Edge computing offers a platform that extends cloud services at the edge of network and hence reduces latency, alleviates power consumption, offers improved mobility, bandwidth, data privacy, and security. Therefore, we present the energy consumption model of a fog-based service under various scenarios. Problems related to ever increasing data in IoT networks can be solved by integrating artificial intelligence (AI) along with machine learning (ML) models in IoT networks. Therefore, this article provides insights on role of the ML in the GIoT. We also present how legislative policies support adoption of recycling process by various stakeholders. In addition, this article is presenting future research goals towards energy efficient hardware design principles and a need of coordination between policy makers, IoT devices manufacturers along with service providers.INDEX TERMS Fifth generation, Internet of Things, green Internet of Things, fog, machine learning.

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Section: ) Artificial Intelligence (Ai) Enabled Computingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green Internet of Things (GIoT): Applications, Practices, Awareness, and Challenges

et al. 2021

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“…e Roadside Unit (RSU) along the roadwork acts as wireless access points' support communication to the vehicles inside its coverage area [5].…”

Section: Background and Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Machine Learning Technologies for Secure Vehicular Communication in Internet of Vehicles: Recent Advances and Applications

Ali

Hasan

Hassan

et al. 2021

Security and Communication Networks

123

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Recently, interest in Internet of Vehicles’ (IoV) technologies has significantly emerged due to the substantial development in the smart automobile industries. Internet of Vehicles’ technology enables vehicles to communicate with public networks and interact with the surrounding environment. It also allows vehicles to exchange and collect information about other vehicles and roads. IoV is introduced to enhance road users’ experience by reducing road congestion, improving traffic management, and ensuring the road safety. The promised applications of smart vehicles and IoV systems face many challenges, such as big data collection in IoV and distribution to attractive vehicles and humans. Another challenge is achieving fast and efficient communication between many different vehicles and smart devices called Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X). One of the vital questions that the researchers need to address is how to effectively handle the privacy of large groups of data and vehicles in IoV systems. Artificial Intelligence technology offers many smart solutions that may help IoV networks address all these questions and issues. Machine learning (ML) is one of the highest efficient AI tools that have been extensively used to resolve all mentioned problematic issues. For example, ML can be used to avoid road accidents by analyzing the driving behavior and environment by sensing data of the surrounding environment. Machine learning mechanisms are characterized by the time change and are critical to channel modeling in-vehicle network scenarios. This paper aims to provide theoretical foundations for machine learning and the leading models and algorithms to resolve IoV applications’ challenges. This paper has conducted a critical review with analytical modeling for offloading mobile edge-computing decisions based on machine learning and Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) approaches for the Internet of Vehicles (IoV). The paper has assumed a Secure IoV edge-computing offloading model with various data processing and traffic flow. The proposed analytical model considers the Markov decision process (MDP) and ML in offloading the decision process of different task flows of the IoV network control cycle. In the paper, we focused on buffer and energy aware in ML-enabled Quality of Experience (QoE) optimization, where many recent related research and methods were analyzed, compared, and discussed. The IoV edge computing and fog-based identity authentication and security mechanism were presented as well. Finally, future directions and potential solutions for secure ML IoV and V2X were highlighted.

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“…VEC is recommended as an efficient support to emerging applications such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Software Define Network (SDN) and blockchain in [17]. The advantages of combining mobile edge computing, Internet of Vehicles (IoV) and AI are highlighted in [18] and [19]. Both of them suggest Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) as the key technique to bring intelligence in VEC networks.…”

Section: A Vehicular Edge Computing (Vec)mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Proof-of-Quality-Factor (PoQF)-Based Blockchain and Edge Computing for Vehicular Message Dissemination

Ayaz

Sheng

Tian

et al. 2021

IEEE Internet Things J.

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Blockchain applications in vehicular networks can offer many advantages including decentralization and improved security. However, most of consensus algorithms in blockchain are difficult to be implemented in a Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANET) without the help of edge computing services. For example, the connectivity in VANET only remains for a short period of time, which is not sufficient for highly time consuming consensus algorithms, e.g., Proof-of-Work, running on mobile edge nodes (vehicles). Other consensus algorithms also have some drawbacks, e.g. Proof-of-Stake (PoS) is biased towards nodes with higher amount of stakes and Proof-of-Elapsed-Time (PoET) is not highly secure against malicious nodes. For these reasons, we propose a voting blockchain based on Proof-of-Quality-Factor (PoQF) consensus algorithm, where threshold number of votes is controlled by edge computing servers. Specifically, PoQF includes voting for message validation and a competitive relay selection process based on probabilistic prediction of channel quality between transmitter and receiver. The performance bounds of failure and latency in message validation are obtained. The paper also analyzes the throughput of block generation, as well as the asymptotic latency, security and communication complexity of PoQF. An incentive distribution mechanism to reward honest nodes and punish malicious nodes is further presented and its effectiveness against collusion of nodes is proved using game theory. Simulation results show that PoQF reduces failure in validation by 11% and 15% as compared to PoS and PoET, respectively, and is 68 ms faster than PoET.

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Artificial Intelligence-Empowered Edge of Vehicles: Architecture, Enabling Technologies, and Applications

Cited by 78 publications

References 78 publications

Green Internet of Things (GIoT): Applications, Practices, Awareness, and Challenges

Green Internet of Things (GIoT): Applications, Practices, Awareness, and Challenges

Machine Learning Technologies for Secure Vehicular Communication in Internet of Vehicles: Recent Advances and Applications

A Proof-of-Quality-Factor (PoQF)-Based Blockchain and Edge Computing for Vehicular Message Dissemination

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