“…Two important research directions are commonly reported in traffic prediction literature [ 17 , 18 , 19 ]: one based on parametric models (or statistic-based) and one based on nonparametric (nonconventional or AI-based) models [ 17 , 20 ]. Lately, due to the increased quantity of data and the computation capability [ 14 ], most contributions have been focusing on the AI-based approach, more specifically, the machine learning/deep learning (support vector regression (SVR), k-nearest neighbor, Bayesian Network, random forest, convolutional neural networks CNN, recurrent neural network RNN, graph CNN, long-short-term-memory LSTM), reinforcement learning and transfer-learning methods [ 11 , 14 , 17 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ].…”