Artificial intelligence applications and robotic systems in Parkinson's disease (Review)

Abstract

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most frequent neurodegenerative disorder following Alzheimer's disease. Advanced stages of PD, 4 or 5 of the Hoehn and Yahr Scale, are characterized by severe motor complications, limited mobility without assistance, risk of falling, and non-motor complications. The aim of this review was to provide a practical overview on specific artificial intelligence (AI) systems for the management of advanced stages of PD, as well as relevant technological limitations. The authors conducted a systematic search on PubMed and EMBASE with predefined keywords searching for studies published until December 2020. Full articles that satisfied the inclusion criteria were included in the systematic review. To minimize results bias, the reference list was manually searched for pertinent articles to identify any additional relevant missed publications. Exclusion criteria included the following: Other stages of PD than 4 and 5 of the Hoehn and Yahr Scale, case reports, reviews, practice guidelines, commentaries, opinions, letters, editorials, short surveys, articles in press, conference abstracts, conference papers, and abstracts published without a full article. The search identified 21 studies analyzing AI-based applications and robotic systems used for the management of advanced stages of PD, out of which 6 articles analyzed AI-based applications for autonomous management of pharmacologic therapy, 5 articles analyzed home-based telemedicine systems and 10 articles analysed robot-assisted gait training systems. The authors identified significant evidence demonstrating that current AI-based technologies are feasible for automatic management of patients with advanced stages of PD. Improving the quality of care and reducing the cost for patients and healthcare systems are the most important advantages. Contents1. Introduction 2. Methods 3. AI applications for autonomous management of pharmacologic therapy 4. Home-based telemedicine systems 5. Robotic systems and AI applications for gait management 6. Conclusions

A Comprehensive Review on AI-Enabled Models for Parkinson’s Disease Diagnosis

“…By using prior knowledge, Ref. [153] was the first comprehensive assessment to assess the possibility of using AI-based technologies and robotic systems to manage the advanced stages of Parkinson's. When considering the work described in the suggested technique, it is noticeable that everything relevant to speech and activity analysis was discussed.…”

The progression of artificial intelligence technology and Parkinson’s disease

“…The emergence of artificial intelligence has brought about earth-shaking changes in people’s lives, and its application in the medical field has made new breakthroughs year by year, especially in the prediction and management of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease and Parkinson’s disease. Multiple research teams have made discoveries, and some of their results have been applied to clinical applications 3,4 . This article reviews the relevant research results of artificial intelligence in the diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson’s disease, with a view to providing new opportunities for the diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson’s disease.…”

The advantages of artificial intelligence-based gait assessment in detecting, predicting, and managing Parkinson’s disease

“…Occurring FOG can be overcome by cueing devices based on AI that provide an external stimulus, including auditory, visual, and tactile; ( Nieuwboer, 2008 ), for example, wearable sensors have been used to detect PD symptom to prevent freezes or reduce their effect using gait monitoring and assistive devices ( Pardoel et al, 2019 ). Gait management referring to robotic systems is helpful for patients to maintain independent motor function and walk ability, improving the quality of life ( Perju-Dumbrava et al, 2022 ).…”