Artificial exosomes for translational nanomedicine

Li, Yong-Jiang; Wu, Jun-Yong; Liu, Jihua; Xu, Wenjie; Qiu, Xiaohan; Huang, Si; Hu, Xiong-Bin; Xiang, Da‐Xiong

doi:10.1186/s12951-021-00986-2

Cited by 150 publications

(105 citation statements)

References 120 publications

(125 reference statements)

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“…The other aspects of EV functions are poorly understood due to unclear mechanisms. However, EVs derived from immune cells have been successfully used to treat solid and nonsolid tumors in laboratory and preclinical studies ( 143 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(3) Cargo delivery strategies involve miRNAs, siRNAs, chemotherapeutic drugs, or antigens loaded into EVs. Immune cell-derived EVs are novel promising vaccines or adjuvant candidates for the treatment of cancer ( 42 , 143 ). DC-derived EVs loaded with an antigen or adjuvant can induce specific CD4 + and CD8 + T cell reactions as vaccines.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Immune Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles – New Strategies in Cancer Immunotherapy

et al. 2021

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Immune cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have increasingly become the focus of research due to their unique characteristics and bioinspired applications. They are lipid bilayer membrane nanosized vesicles harboring a range of immune cell-derived surface receptors and effector molecules from parental cells. Immune cell-derived EVs are important mediators of intercellular communication that regulate specific mechanisms of adaptive and innate immune responses. However, the mechanisms underlying the antitumor effects of EVs are still being explored. Importantly, immune cell-derived EVs have some unique features, including accessibility, storage, ability to pass through blood-brain and blood-tumor barriers, and loading of various effector molecules. Immune cell-derived EVs have been directly applied or engineered as potent antitumor vaccines or for the diagnosis of clinical diseases. More research applications involving genetic engineering, membrane engineering, and cargo delivery strategies have improved the treatment efficacy of EVs. Immune cell-derived EV-based therapies are expected to become a separate technique or to complement immunotherapy, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and other therapeutic modalities. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the characteristics and functions of immune cell-derived EVs derived from adaptive (CD4+ T, CD8+ T and B cells) and innate immune cells (macrophages, NK cells, DCs, and neutrophils) and discuss emerging therapeutic opportunities and prospects in cancer treatment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles – New Strategies in Cancer Immunotherapy

et al. 2021

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“…Moreover, specific targeting will be required [ 220 , 221 ] and the cargo composition of sEVs will need to be specifically adapted. There are already studies on the way to optimize the methodology for these modifications, which even include the generation of artificial engineered sEVs [ 222 ]. Yet considering the challenges, extensive research will be needed before such applications will be ready for routine clinical use.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pancreatic Cancer Small Extracellular Vesicles (Exosomes): A Tale of Short- and Long-Distance Communication

Waldenmaier¹,

Seibold²,

Seufferlein³

et al. 2021

Cancers

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Even with all recent advances in cancer therapy, pancreatic cancer still has a dismal 5-year survival rate of less than 7%. The most prevalent tumor subtype is pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). PDACs display an extensive crosstalk with their tumor microenvironment (TME), e.g., pancreatic stellate cells, but also immune cells to regulate tumor growth, immune evasion, and metastasis. In addition to crosstalk in the local TME, PDACs were shown to induce the formation of pre-metastatic niches in different organs. Recent advances have attributed many of these interactions to intercellular communication by small extracellular vesicles (sEVs, exosomes). These nanovesicles are derived of endo-lysosomal structures (multivesicular bodies) with a size range of 30–150 nm. sEVs carry various bioactive cargos, such as proteins, lipids, DNA, mRNA, or miRNAs and act in an autocrine or paracrine fashion to educate recipient cells. In addition to tumor formation, progression, and metastasis, sEVs were described as potent biomarker platforms for diagnosis and prognosis of PDAC. Advances in sEV engineering have further indicated that sEVs might once be used as effective drug carriers. Thus, extensive sEV-based communication and applications as platform for biomarker analysis or vehicles for treatment suggest a major impact of sEVs in future PDAC research.

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“…In addition, the heterogeneity between exosomes subgroups greatly hinders the quality control of manufacturing and clinical translation. In view of the shortcomings of natural exosomes, more and more researchers have developed artificial exosomes through nanobiotechnology, which brought great hope for the advanced drug delivery combined with the advantages of natural and synthetic NPs (Li et al, 2021). Given that the dissemination of exosomal cargo mediates the development of chemoresistance in tumor cells, exploring the exosomal contents may open a new avenue for the reversal of chemoresistance.…”

Section: Application Of Exosomes As Delivery Vehiclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Emerging Role of Exosomes in Cancer Chemoresistance

Gao

et al. 2021

Front. Cell Dev. Biol.

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Chemoresistance is an impending challenge in cancer treatment. In recent years, exosomes, a subtype of extracellular vesicles with a diameter of 40–150 nm in bloodstream and other bio-fluids, have attracted increasing interest. Exosomes contain proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, which act as important signaling molecules. Many reports indicate that exosomes play critical roles in chemoresistance through intercellular interactions, including drug removal from cells, transfer of drug resistance phenotypes to other cancer cells, and the increase in plastic stem cell subsets. Exosomes can reflect the physiological and pathological state of parent cells. Owing to their elevated stability, specificity, and sensitivity, exosomes are served as biomarkers in liquid biopsies to monitor cancer chemoresistance, progression, and recurrence. This review summarizes the exosome-mediated mechanisms of cancer chemoresistance, as well as its role in reversing and monitoring chemoresistance. The scientific and technological challenges and future applications of exosomes are also explored.

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Artificial exosomes for translational nanomedicine

Cited by 150 publications

References 120 publications

Immune Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles – New Strategies in Cancer Immunotherapy

Immune Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles – New Strategies in Cancer Immunotherapy

Pancreatic Cancer Small Extracellular Vesicles (Exosomes): A Tale of Short- and Long-Distance Communication

The Emerging Role of Exosomes in Cancer Chemoresistance

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