Artificial Diet for Rearing Bean Bug, Riptortus clavatus THUNBERG

Kamano, Seiya

doi:10.1303/jjaez.24.184

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…In this context, it should be noted that newborn nymphs of R. pedestris possess a large amount of egg yolk inside their midgut (see Fig. S1 in the supplemental material), and are able to normally molt to the 2nd instar without feeding (27,35). Immature immunity in young insects may potentially result in early vulnerability to microbial infection and pathology (37,46).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Specific Developmental Window for Establishment of an Insect-Microbe Gut Symbiosis

Kikuchi

Hosokawa

Fukatsu

2011

Appl Environ Microbiol

117

145

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The alydid stinkbug Riptortus pedestris is specifically associated with a beneficial Burkholderia symbiont in the midgut crypts. Exceptional among insect-microbe mutualistic associations, the Burkholderia symbiont is not vertically transmitted but orally acquired by nymphal insects from the environment every generation. Here we experimentally investigated the process of symbiont acquisition during the nymphal development of R. pedestris. In a field population, many 2nd instar nymphs were Burkholderia free, while all 3rd, 4th, and 5th instar nymphs were infected. When reared on soil-grown potted soybean plants, Burkholderia acquisition occurred at a drastically higher frequency in the 2nd instar than in the other instars. Oral administration of cultured Burkholderia cells showed that 2nd and 3rd instar nymphs are significantly more susceptible to the symbiont infection than 1st, 4th, and 5th instar nymphs. Histological observations revealed rudimentary midgut crypts in the 1st instar, in contrast to well-developed midgut crypts in the 2nd and later instars. These results indicate that R. pedestris acquires the Burkholderia symbiont from the environment mainly during the 2nd instar period and strongly suggest that the competence for the symbiont infection is developmentally regulated by the host side. Potential mechanisms involved in infection competence and possible reasons why the infection preferentially occurs in the 2nd instar are discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Specific Developmental Window for Establishment of an Insect-Microbe Gut Symbiosis

Kikuchi

Hosokawa

Fukatsu

2011

Appl Environ Microbiol

117

145

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“…Owing to this study, the Heteroptera is now rated among the insect taxa whose Wolbachia infection and diversity are best documented. A number of notorious agricultural pests are known from the Heteroptera, and some of them can be conveniently maintained in the laboratory by using grains, seeds, potted plants, and/or artificial diets (18,29,35,43), which will provide excellent model systems to investigate host-symbiont and symbiont-symbiont interactions. Although Not only interactions between coinfecting Wolbachia strains but also interactions between Wolbachia and gut symbiont will be of interest.…”

Section: Cydnidaementioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity ofWolbachiaEndosymbionts in Heteropteran Bugs

Kikuchi

Fukatsu

2003

Appl Environ Microbiol

109

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An extensive survey of Wolbachia endosymbionts in Japanese terrestrial heteropteran bugs was performed by PCR detection with universal primers for wsp and ftsZ genes of Wolbachia, cloning of the PCR products, restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of infecting Wolbachia types, and molecular phylogenetic characterization of all the detected Wolbachia strains. Of 134 heteropteran species from 19 families examined, Wolbachia infection was detected in 47 species from 13 families. From the 47 species, 59 Wolbachia strains were identified. Of the 59 strains, 16 and 43 were assigned to A group and B group in the Wolbachia phylogeny, respectively. The 47 species of Wolbachia-infected bugs were classified into 8 species with A infection, 28 species with B infection, 2 species with AA infection, 3 species with AB infection, 5 species with BB infection, and 1 species with ABB infection. Molecular phylogenetic analysis showed little congruence between Wolbachia phylogeny and host systematics, suggesting frequent horizontal transfers of Wolbachia in the evolutionary course of the Heteroptera. The phylogenetic analysis also revealed several novel lineages of Wolbachia. Based on statistical analyses of the multiple infections, we propose a hypothetical view that, in the heteropteran bugs, interactions between coinfecting Wolbachia strains are generally not intense and that Wolbachia coinfections have been established through a stochastic process probably depending on occasional horizontal transfers.The genus Wolbachia is a bacterial group that belongs to the order Rickettsiales in the ␣-subdivision of the class Proteobacteria. The members of Wolbachia obligatorily live inside the cells of arthropods and filarial nematodes and are transmitted through egg cytoplasm of the hosts. Many Wolbachia endosymbionts cause reproductive alterations of their arthropod hosts, such as cytoplasmic incompatibility, parthenogenesis, feminization, and male killing. On account of the maternal inheritance of Wolbachia, these reproductive symptoms are regarded as selfish strategies of the symbionts whereby the frequency of infected females increases in host populations, often at the expense of host fitness (24,33,37 (20); and 17.2% (11 of 64) in oak gallwasps and their inquilines (28). The universal prevalence of Wolbachia infection is likely attributed to the ability of manipulating host reproduction.Since Wolbachia endosymbionts are difficult to culture, detection and characterization of the bacteria have been principally performed by PCR-based techniques. The most popular gene for bacterial characterization, 16S ribosomal DNA, is almost useless for differentiation of Wolbachia strains due to a paucity of nucleotide substitutions. Therefore, the diversity of Wolbachia endosymbionts has been analyzed by using fastevolving genes, such as ftsZ and wsp. Based on ftsZ sequences, most of Wolbachia from arthropods are classified into two major clades, A group and B group (41). The A and B groups are further divided into a number of subgroups b...

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“…The dry artificial diet tested, based on the diet developed by Kamano (1980) for R. clavatus, yielded very good nymphal survivorship (ca. 70%).…”

Section: Nymph Rearing On Artificial Dietmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Jensen & Gibbens (1973) reported 89.7% mortality and delayed development of N. viridula nymphs fed on a semi-solid artificial diet. Kamano (1980) reared the alydid Riptortus clavatus Thunberg on a dry artificial diet plus water from nymph to adult. For hemipterans that feed on meristematic and developing reproductive tissues and are not seed feeding specialists, e.g., Lygus hesperus Knight and L. lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) (Miridae), a meridic liquid diet and an oligidic semiliquid diet were developed and tested with success (Debolt & Patana, 1985;Cohen, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rearing the southern green stink bug using an artificial dry diet and an artificial plant

Panizzi

Parra

Santos

et al. 2000

Pesq. agropec. bras.

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-Laboratory and greenhouse studies were conducted with an artificial dry diet to rear nymphs, and with an artificial plant as substrate for egg laying by the southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula (L.). The artificial diet was composed of: soybean protein (15 g); potato starch (7.5 g); dextrose (7.5 g); sucrose (2.5 g); cellulose (12.5 g); vitamin mixture (niacinamide 1 g, calcium pantothenate 1 g, thiamine 0.25 g, riboflavin 0.5 g, pyridoxine 0.25 g, folic acid 0.25 g, biotin 0.02 mL, vitamin B 12 1 g -added to 1,000 mL of distilled water) (5.0 mL); soybean oil (20 mL); wheat germ (17.9 g); and water (30 mL). Nymphs showed normal feeding behavior when fed on the artificial diet. Nymphal development time was longer than or similar to that of nymphs fed on soybean pods. Total nymphal mortality was low (ca. 30%), both for nymphs reared on the artificial diet, and for nymphs fed on soybean pods. At adult emergence, fresh body weights were significantly (P<0.01) less on the artificial diet than on soybean pods. Despite the lower adult survivorship and fecundity on artificial plants than on soybean plants, it was demonstrated for the first time that a model simulating a natural plant, can be used as a substrate for egg mass laying, in conjunction with the artificial diet.Index terms: Pentatomidae, Nezara viridula, Glycine max, nymphs, oviposition, rearing techniques.CRIAÇÃO DO PERCEVEJO-VERDE USANDO DIETA ARTIFICIAL SECA E PLANTA ARTIFICIAL RESUMO -Foram conduzidos estudos em laboratório e em casa de vegetação, com uma dieta artificial seca para a criação de ninfas e com um modelo de planta artificial como substrato para a colocação de ovos por adultos do percevejo-verde, Nezara viridula (L.). Os componentes da dieta artificial foram: proteína de soja (15 g); fécula de batata (7,5 g); dextrose (7,5 g); sacarose (2,5 g); celulose (12,5 g); mistura vitamínica (niacinamida 1 g, pantotenato de cálcio 1 g, tiamina 0,25 g, riboflavina 0,5 g, piridoxina 0,25 g, ácido fólico 0,25 g, biotina 0,02 mL, vitamina B 12 1 g, adicionada em 1.000 mL de água destilada) (5,0 mL); óleo de soja (20 mL); germe de trigo (17,9 g); e água (30 mL). As ninfas alimentaram-se normalmente da dieta, embora o tempo de desenvolvimento tenha sido em um caso, maior, e em outro, semelhante, ao das ninfas que se alimentaram de vagens da soja. A mortalidade total das ninfas foi baixa (ca. 30%), tanto na dieta como na vagem de soja. Na emergência, os adultos apresentaram peso fresco significativamente (P<0,01) menor na dieta que na soja. Apesar de a sobrevivên-cia e a fecundidade terem sido menores nas plantas artificiais do que na soja, fica demonstrado, pela primeira vez, que um modelo simulando uma planta natural pode ser usado como substrato para oviposição pelo percevejo N. viridula, em conjunto com a dieta artificial.Termos para indexação: Pentatomidae, Nezara viridula, Glycine max, ninfas, oviposição, técnicas de criação.

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Artificial Diet for Rearing Bean Bug, Riptortus clavatus THUNBERG

Cited by 11 publications

References 0 publications

Specific Developmental Window for Establishment of an Insect-Microbe Gut Symbiosis

Specific Developmental Window for Establishment of an Insect-Microbe Gut Symbiosis

Diversity ofWolbachiaEndosymbionts in Heteropteran Bugs

Rearing the southern green stink bug using an artificial dry diet and an artificial plant

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