Artificial Cloud Seeding Using Liquid Carbon Dioxide: Comparisons of Experimental Data and Numerical Analyses

Seto, Jinichiro; Tomine, Kikuro; Wakimizu, Kenji; Nishiyama, Koji

doi:10.1175/2011jamc2592.1

Cited by 25 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(36 reference statements)

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“…The natural clouds that were found near Mikura and Miyake from 13:30 to 14:00 and moved from the west to the east side seemed to be intensified by the artificial clouds. Clouds on the east side of Mikura were observed in this case and the development of the clouds due to topographical features may have occurred around the leeward sides of both islands (Seto et al, 2011;Maki et al, 2013a, b).…”

Section: Evaluation Of Cloud By Satellite Infrared and Visible Imagesmentioning

confidence: 62%

Artificial rainfall experiment by seeding of liquid carbon dioxide above the Izu Islands of Tokyo on December 15-16 in 2013

Maki

Morita

Suzuki

et al. 2016

J. Agric. Meteorol.

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An artificial rainfall technique of liquid carbon dioxide (LCD) was used in experiments operated on Nii, Miyake and Mikura Islands in the Izu Islands of Tokyo in Japan on December 15-16, 2013. On Dec. 15, rain particles or graupel pellets struck the aircraft front window and virga or rain was observed under a cloud from the aircraft on the east leewardside of the seeded area under the condition of thin cloud of 760 m in depth until 30 minutes. On Dec. 16, rain or graupel struck the aircraft front window at 15 minutes after seeding and virga or rain under the cloud was observed at 37 minutes after the seeding under the condition of a thinner cloud of 610 m in depth. On Dec. 15, rain was recognized along the route of the seeding and a line-type trail of cloud disappeared was visibly recognized with an average width of 2 km. The development and disappearance of clouds were evaluated using satellite images near Mikura Island. On Dec. 16, a cloud developed immediately after the seeding and a line-type cloud running in the NNE-SSW direction was recognized on the satellite image. The cloud developed decreased in scale due to rain and the cloud disappeared was also recognized on a satellite image near Nii Island. On Dec. 15, an analysis showed the existence of following local effects of the seeding; the development of clouds at 700 hPa level higher than the seeding height, the appearance of rain at 850 hPa level around the seeding height, rainfall (virga) and a drastic increase in relative humidity at 925 hPa level lower than the seeding height, and finally the occurrence of artificial rains that were clarified by the upper weather maps based on meso scale model (MSM). The artificial rainfall experiments were succeeded.

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Section: Evaluation Of Cloud By Satellite Infrared and Visible Imagesmentioning

confidence: 62%

Artificial rainfall experiment by seeding of liquid carbon dioxide above the Izu Islands of Tokyo on December 15-16 in 2013

Maki

Morita

Suzuki

et al. 2016

J. Agric. Meteorol.

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“…10(D). It was interesting that the cloud top height of the first cloud line of 11 to 13 km increased by the topographic effect (Maki et al, 2008;Seto et al, 2011;Maki et al, 2012); however, that of the second (northern) one decreased to under 11 km. At 17:10, the first cloud of 9 to 11 km was passing over Mikura; however, the height did not change because of the small variation on the wide-scale range.…”

Section: Artificial Drastic Changes Of Clouds By the Lcd Seedingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial rainfall experiment by seeding liquid carbon dioxide above the Izu Islands of Tokyo on March 14 in 2013

Maki

Morita

Suzuki

et al. 2014

J. Agric. Meteorol.

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Experiments of cloud seeding using liquid carbon dioxide (LCD) were carried out on March 14, 2013 near Miyake Island and Mikura Island in the Izu Islands, Tokyo, Japan. Convective clouds near the islands developed 0.5 to 1 h after the seeding. Artificial convective clouds accompanied by rain stream, i.e., virga, were observed, and rain was seen around the islands. Photos from aircraft and satellite images revealed trails and holes of disappeared clouds about 1 h and 2 h later, respectively. Within 1 h, the amount of precipitation was presumed to be about 0.1 million tons, with the precipitation intensity of 1 mm/h, based on a disappeared area 2 km × 50 km, constituting the first direct effect. Within 2 h, the total amount of precipitation from the disappeared cloud was presumed to be 1.8 million tons, based on a disappeared cloud area of diameter 50 km, constituting the secondary indirect effect. The main objective is whether the experiment of artificial rain is a success or not in a meteorological condition. Other objectives were shown successfully by photos taken of virga and the disappeared cloud, and by a satellite image based on the combination of convective cloud and the air temperature inversion layer. We found that LCD seeding at about 5 g/s within convective clouds near their bases is feasible when the air temperature is below 0℃, i.e., suitable around −5℃. The excellence of LCD seeding technique is supported by the results of this study, and we believe this technique will spread worldwide.

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“…With these parameter settings, the number of ice crystals generated in the simulation was 10 , our experimental setup meant that the seeded cloud was glaciated by ice crystals at a concentration an order of magnitude greater than in natural clouds with the same cloud-top temperature. Because previous LC seeding experiments conducted in the field (Fukuta 1996;Seto et al 2011) used seeding rates an order of magnitude smaller than that of DI, we ran a second trial with a seeding rate of 5 g s −1 for both DI and LC (Exp II). Figure 2 shows the temporal changes of the microphysical properties of seeded clouds in Exp I.…”

Section: Numerical Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical Simulations of Glaciogenic Cloud Seeding with Dry Ice Pellets and Liquid Carbon Dioxide under Simplified Conditions

Hashimoto

Murakami

2016

SOLA

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Dry ice (DI, solid carbon dioxide) and liquid carbon dioxide (LC) are both used in airborne glaciogenic cloud seeding, but no studies have objectively compared the efficacies of those two seeding agents. This paper describes a numerical model that involves the microphysical processes associated with airborne cloud seeding, and describes numerical simulations done to compare the efficacies of airborne DI and LC seeding in enhancing precipitation. Simulation results suggest that seeding effects appear faster for DI, and that the total amount of surface precipitation is almost the same for DI and LC seeding. Our results are counter to previously published assertions that LC is generally superior to DI in enhancing precipitation through airborne seeding in any type of clouds.(Citation: Hashimoto, A., and M. Murakami, 2016: Numerical simulations of glaciogenic cloud seeding with dry ice pellets and liquid carbon dioxide under simplified conditions. SOLA, 12, 22−26,

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Artificial Cloud Seeding Using Liquid Carbon Dioxide: Comparisons of Experimental Data and Numerical Analyses

Cited by 25 publications

References 35 publications

Artificial rainfall experiment by seeding of liquid carbon dioxide above the Izu Islands of Tokyo on December 15-16 in 2013

Artificial rainfall experiment by seeding of liquid carbon dioxide above the Izu Islands of Tokyo on December 15-16 in 2013

Artificial rainfall experiment by seeding liquid carbon dioxide above the Izu Islands of Tokyo on March 14 in 2013

Numerical Simulations of Glaciogenic Cloud Seeding with Dry Ice Pellets and Liquid Carbon Dioxide under Simplified Conditions

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