Artificial cells for in vivo biomedical applications through red blood cell biomimicry

Abstract

Recent research in artificial cell production holds promise for the development of delivery agents with therapeutic effects akin to real cells. To succeed in these applications, these systems need to survive the circulatory conditions. In this review we present strategies that, inspired by the endurance of red blood cells, have enhanced the viability of large, cell-like vehicles for in vivo therapeutic use, particularly focusing on giant unilamellar vesicles. Insights from red blood cells can guide modifications that could transform these platforms into advanced drug delivery vehicles, showcasing biomimicry’s potential in shaping the future of therapeutic applications.

Red Blood Cell-Like Poly(ethylene glycol) Particles: Influence of Particle Stiffness on Biological Behaviors

“…Despite advancements in engineering, RBC-like particles have traditionally focused on cell shape and molecular-level characteristics, such as hemoglobin and biomarkers, there is an increasing recognition of the importance of their mechanical properties. However, recent studies have increasingly recognized the importance of mechanical properties, such as particle stiffness and deformability, which significantly influence their biological interactions. − For instance, the distinctive flexibility and shape of human RBCs, with an average diameter of 7.5 μm, enables them to pass through tissue blood capillaries with diameters of approximately 5 μm, which are smaller than those of the cells . Furthermore, the stiffness of particles significantly contributes to their in vivo fate by modulating interactions with biological systems .…”