“…linear discriminant (LD) score, when normalized to a [0,1] range for all speakers, may be taken as an index of how distinctly /n/-or /ŋ/-like the coda nasal in each token is: The LDA was structured such that /n/ was consistently near 0, and /ŋ/ was consistently near 1, for all speakers. We refer readers to Hueber et al (2007) and Hoole and Pouplier (2017) for more information on the application of principal components analysis to image data, and to Mielke, Carignan, and Thomas (2017), Strycharczuk and Sebregts (2018), and Kochetov, Faytak, and Nara (2019) for applications of similar dimensionality reduction procedures to ultrasound data. Statistical comparisons across vowel context and/or across speaker groups were done using linear mixed-effects models using lme4 (Bates, Mächler, Bolker, & Walker, 2014) in R v3.5.3 (R Core Team, 2019).…”