Articular Cartilage Friction, Strain, and Viability Under Physiological to Pathological Benchtop Sliding Conditions

Farnham, Margot S.; Ortved, Kyla F.; Burris, David L.; Price, Christopher

doi:10.1007/s12195-021-00671-2

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Maintenance of low friction and the reduction of cartilage strain position SPMK- g -PEEK as a promising material for maintaining cartilage health. Effective rehydration of articular cartilage is important to maintain cell viability and provide fluid flow for solute transport and removal of metabolic waste from the tissue. , Furthermore, both effective rehydration and high lubricity are crucial for shielding the collagen matrix from high shear and normal forces to prevent wear. , …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brushing Up on Cartilage Lubrication: Polyelectrolyte-Enhanced Tribological Rehydration

Elkington,

Hall,

Beadling

et al. 2024

Langmuir

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This study presents new insights into the potential role of polyelectrolyte interfaces in regulating low friction and interstitial fluid pressurization of cartilage. Polymer brushes composed of hydrophilic 3-sulfopropyl methacrylate potassium salt (SPMK) tethered to a PEEK substrate (SPMK-g-PEEK) are a compelling biomimetic solution for interfacing with cartilage, inspired by the natural lubricating biopolyelectrolyte constituents of synovial fluid. These SPMK-g-PEEK surfaces exhibit a hydrated compliant layer approximately 5 μm thick, demonstrating the ability to maintain low friction coefficients (μ ∼ 0.01) across a wide speed range (0.1−200 mm/s) under physiological loads (0.75−1.2 MPa). A novel polyelectrolyte-enhanced tribological rehydration mechanism is elucidated, capable of recovering up to ∼12% cartilage strain and subsequently facilitating cartilage interstitial fluid recovery, under loads ranging from 0.25 to 2.21 MPa. This is attributed to the combined effects of fluid confinement within the contact gap and the enhanced elastohydrodynamic behavior of polymer brushes. Contrary to conventional theories that emphasize interstitial fluid pressurization in regulating cartilage lubrication, this work demonstrates that SPMK-g-PEEK's frictional behavior with cartilage is independent of these factors and provides unabating aqueous lubrication. Polyelectrolyte-enhanced tribological rehydration can occur within a static contact area and operates independently of known mechanisms of cartilage interstitial fluid recovery established for converging or migrating cartilage contacts. These findings challenge existing paradigms, proposing a novel polyelectrolyte−cartilage tribological mechanism not exclusively reliant on interstitial fluid pressurization or cartilage contact geometry. The implications of this research extend to a broader understanding of synovial joint lubrication, offering insights into the development of joint replacement materials that more accurately replicate the natural functionality of cartilage.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brushing Up on Cartilage Lubrication: Polyelectrolyte-Enhanced Tribological Rehydration

Elkington,

Hall,

Beadling

et al. 2024

Langmuir

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show abstract

“…Boundary lubrication can be achieved by testing cartilage against glass, whereby testing cartilage against cartilage promotes sustained IFP 6 . In vivo, friction is correlated with hydrodynamic phenomena that are determined by the relative velocity between the articulating surfaces in the knee, which can readily exceed 100 mm/s 13 . Consequently, testing velocity, contact pressure, and lubricant are key factors for tribological testing of cartilage in vitro 9,13 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In vivo, friction is correlated with hydrodynamic phenomena that are determined by the relative velocity between the articulating surfaces in the knee, which can readily exceed 100 mm/s 13 . Consequently, testing velocity, contact pressure, and lubricant are key factors for tribological testing of cartilage in vitro 9,13 . Previous studies are limited by not establishing gait‐like loading conditions (Table 2) and most notably, applying a low sliding velocity of 1 mm/s 5,6 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The relative velocities associated with the stance and swing phase were derived from a walking speed of 5 km/h 9 (Figure 1D) and implemented in a synchronized manner by the linear motor. The testing duration was set to 600 s to account for viscoelastic effects on the friction properties 9,13 . The axial force ( F N ) and the resulting friction force ( F F ) were recorded by a load cell (sample rate 100 Hz, accuracy class: 0.5%; ME‐Messsysteme GmBH).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of degeneration and material pairings on cartilage friction: Cartilage versus glass

de Roy,

Schlickenrieder,

Rüger

et al. 2023

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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The association of knee joint osteoarthritis and altered frictional properties of the degenerated cartilage remains ambiguous, because previous in vitro studies did not consider the characteristic loads and velocities during gait. Therefore, the aim of this study was to quantify the friction behavior of degenerated human cartilage under characteristic stance and swing phase conditions. A dynamic pin‐on‐plate tribometer was used to test the tribological systems of cartilage against cartilage and cartilage against glass, both with synthetic synovial fluid as lubricant. Using the International Cartilage Repair Society classification, the cartilage samples were assigned to a mildly or a severely degenerated group before testing. Friction coefficients were calculated under stance and swing phase conditions at the beginning of the test and after 600 s of testing. The most important finding of this study is that cartilage against glass couplings displayed significantly higher friction for the severely degenerated samples compared to the mildly degenerated ones, whereas cartilage against cartilage couplings only indicated slight tendencies under the observed test conditions. Consequently, care should be taken when transferring in vitro findings from cartilage against cartilage couplings to predict the friction behavior in vivo. Therefore, we recommend in vitro tribological testing methods which account for gait‐like loading conditions and to replicate physiological material pairings, particularly in preclinical medical device validation studies.

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Dynamic Proteinaceous Hydrogel Enables In‐Situ Recruitment of Endogenous TGF‐β1 and Stem Cells for Cartilage Regeneration

Guo,

Yin,

Wang

et al. 2024

Adv Funct Materials

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Articular cartilage is a tissue with relatively poor self‐regeneration capacity due to insufficient blood vessels and chondrocytes in the region. Biomaterial‐assisted tissue engineering has shown great potential in cartilage regeneration. However, there are still many worries over the uses of exogenous growth factors, stem cells and scaffolds. To address these concerns, here a dynamic proteinaceous hydrogel with a self‐recruiting ability of cartilage‐inducing factor for in situ cartilage regeneration is reported. The dynamic hydrogel (Pep‐GelSH) is prepared by using thiol‐modified gelatin and thiol‐capped TGF‐β1‐affinity peptide through the Au‐S coordination. The injectability and self‐recovery of Pep‐GelSH hydrogel enabled not only minimally invasive implantation but also the adaptability of the scaffold to irregular defect shapes. Meanwhile, the dynamic hydrogel showed improved adherence to the host tissue and allowed quick infiltration of host cells. More importantly, the hydrogel significantly enhanced local enrichment of endogenous TGF‐β1 and led to the recruitment of stem cells in vivo. After implantation, the hydrogel scaffold triggered the innate repair capacity of cartilage defects by successively promoting stem cells recruitment, infiltration and differentiation, resulting in significantly enhanced chondrogenesis and improved cartilage repair. Therefore, the study in this work may provide a feasible and promising approach for in situ cartilage regeneration.

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Articular Cartilage Friction, Strain, and Viability Under Physiological to Pathological Benchtop Sliding Conditions

Cited by 8 publications

References 50 publications

Brushing Up on Cartilage Lubrication: Polyelectrolyte-Enhanced Tribological Rehydration

Brushing Up on Cartilage Lubrication: Polyelectrolyte-Enhanced Tribological Rehydration

Impact of degeneration and material pairings on cartilage friction: Cartilage versus glass

Dynamic Proteinaceous Hydrogel Enables In‐Situ Recruitment of Endogenous TGF‐β1 and Stem Cells for Cartilage Regeneration

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